Evaluation of Acute and Sub-Chronic Toxicities and the Effect of Ointment Bases on the Antimicrobial Potency of the Ethanolic Extracts of Alchornea cordifolia Leaf and Terminalia superba Stem Bark doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v2i7.12
Main Article Content
Abstract
The problem of resistance of dermatological infections to some antimicrobial agents available in the market has constrained man to search for newer compounds of natural origin with potent antimicrobials. Alchornea cordifolia leaf and Terminalia superba stem bark are used in African folkloric medicine and have been documented to have antimicrobial properties. It is important to ascertain the potency of their extracts against microorganisms, their toxicities and the type of ointment base most suitable for the formulation of these plant extracts into topical antimicrobials. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ointment bases on the antimicrobial potency of the ethanolic extracts of A. cordifolia leaf and T. superba stem bark. The in - vitro antimicrobial activity of the extracts and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined against some microorganisms using the agar diffusion method. The physical properties of the creams formulated with these extracts were evaluated using standard procedures. The extracts exhibited
good antibacterial activity. The MIC (mg/mL) of A. cordifolia extract against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were 12.8, 12.8, 25.6 and 12.8, respectively. The MIC (mg/ mL) of T. superba extract against B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were 25.6, 25.6, > 25.6 and 25.6, respectively. The topical formulation prepared using the soft water washable base released antibacterial activity of the extracts better than the formulations prepared using other bases. The soft water washable base is the most suitable ointment base for topical antimicrobials formulation of the extracts.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Igbokwe H, Bhattacharyya S, Gradus S, Khubbar M, Griswold D, Navidad J, Igwilo C, Masson-Meyers D, Azenabor A. Preponderance of toxigenic Escherichia coli in stool pathogens correlates with toxin detection in accessible drinking-water sources. Jepidermiol = infect. (2014); 4(6):1-24.
WHO Media Centre, Antibiotic Resistance, Fact sheet, (2017);https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2018/antibiotic-resistance-found/en/Jan 29, 2018
Natarajan D, Srinivasan R, Shivakumar M, Phyllanthus W.A potential source for natural antimicrobial agents. Biomed Res Int Article. (2014); 135082.
Azubuike CP, Igbokwe NH, Essien GS, Elendu NJ Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of herbal ointments formulated with ethanolic extract of Acalypha wilkesiana. J Biol Sci Opin. 2013; 1(2):41-44.
Onyeka IP, Suleiman MM, Bako SP. Toxicity Effects of Methanolic Extract of Euphorbia hirta-Honey Mixture in Albino Rats. J Pharmacogn Nat Prod. (2018); 4: 147. doi:10.4172/2472-0992.1000147.
Nair R, Kalariya T, Chanda S. Antibacterial activity of some selected Indian medicinal flora. Turk J Biol. 2005; 29:41-47.
Abreu AC, Borges A, Simoes LC, Saavedra MJ, Simoes M. Antibacterial activity of phenyl isothiocyanate on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Med Chem.2013; 9(7):75 -761.
Okwu E and Ukanwa N. Isolation, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity Screening of Anthocyanidine Glycosides from Alchornea Cordifolia (Schumach. and Thonn.) Mull. Arg. Leaves. E-J Chem. 2010; 7(1):41-48.
Vaghasiya Y, Dave R, Chanda S. Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants from western region of India. Res J Med Plant. 2011; 5:567-576.
Singal A and Thami G. Topical antibacterial agents in dermatology. J. Dermatol. 2003; 30(9):644-648.
Schwartz R A and Al -Mutairi N. Topical antibiotics in dermatology: An update. GJDV. 2010; 17(1):1-19.
Adeshina GO, Kunle OF, Onaolapo JA, Ehinmidu JO, Odama LE. Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and ethyl acetate sub-fractions of Alchornea cordifolia leaf. Eur J Med Plants 2011; 2(1):31-41.
Kimpouni V. Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Lemmens RHMJ, Louppe D, Oteng-Amoako AA (Ed.). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands.
<http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>. Accessed 7 July 2018. ..
Ahmadu A, Agunu A, Abdurrahman E. Anti-Inflammatory Constituents of Alchornea cordifolia Leaves. Nig J Nat Prod Med. 2015; 19:60-64.
Mohammed RK, Ibrahim S, Atawodi SE, Eze ED, Suleiman JB. Anti- diabetic and haematological effects of n-butanol fraction of Alchornea cordifolia leaf extract in streptozotocin- induced diabetic wistar rats. Glob J Med Plant Res. 2012; 1(1):14-21.
Ngaha NM, Dahtan I, Massoma LD. Alcornea cordifolia, a special plant for traditional medicine.traditional medicine. A review. J Agroecol Nat Res Manag. 2016; 3(2):140-144.
Tarun G, Goutam R Amit K. Comprehensive review on additives of topical dosage forms for drug delivery. Drug Deliv. 2015; 22(8):969-987.
Derrell CJ, Gerald FG, Janet CG, Michaele EK, Dennis FK, Author N. The 1996 Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. ILAR J. 1997; 38(1):41–48.
Ogbonnia SO, Mbaka GO, Igbokwe NH, Anyika EN, Alli P. Nwakakwa N. Antimicrobial evaluation, acute and subchronic toxicity studies of Leone Bitters, a Nigerian polyherbal formulation, in rodents. Agric Biol J N America. 2010; 1(3):366-376.
Ogbonnia SO, Mbaka GO, Anyika EN, Ladiju O, Igbokwe NH, Emordi JE. Nwakakwa N. Evaluation of Anti-diabetics and Cardiovascular Effects of Parinari curatellifolia Seed Extract and Anthoclista vogelli Root Extract Individually and Combined on Postprandial and Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Albino Rats. Br J Med Med Res. 2011; 1(3):146-162.
Sofowora A. Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. 3rd ed. Spectrum books Ltd, Ibadan, Nigeria. 2008.199-202 p.
Boyan B, James H, Judicael P. Principles of assessing bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics using the agar diffusion method. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008; 61(6):1295-1301.
Alalor CA, Igwilo CI, Azubuike CP. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of herbal ointments formulated with methanolic extract of Cassia alata. Asian J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2012; 2(13):15-19.
Ogbonnia SO, Mbaka GO, Akinsande OE, Otah DA, Ayeni TA. Evaluation of acute toxicity, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of Cyathula prostate (Linn.) Blume weeds on adult rats. Br J Pharm Res. 2016; 9(5):1-11.
Cunha IB, Sawaya AC, Caetano FM, Shimizu M, Marcucci MC, Drezza FT, Povia GS, Carvalho PD. Factors that influence the yield and composition of Brazilian propolis extracts. 2004; J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 15(6):964-970.
Vogel, AI, Tatchell AR, Furnis BS, Hannaford AJ, Smith PWG. Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition. Prentice Hall, 1996. 1195-1204 p.
Shelke UY, Mahajan AA. Review on: an ointment. Int J Pharm Pharm Res. 2015; 4(2):170-192.
The Pharmaceutics and Compounding Laboratory, Eshelman school of Pharmacy, Ointments: preparation and evaluation of drug release. Available from: https://pharmlabs.unc.edu/labs/ointments/prep.html.Accessed 03 March 2018.
Kra AK, Siaka S, Ahon GM, Kassi AB, Ouattara S, Sadat AW, Couliabaly A, Soro Y, Djaman AJ. Antifungal activity of Terminalia superba (combretaceae). J Exp Biol Agric Sci. 2015; 3(2):162-173.