Evaluation of Antimalarial Activity of Combination Extract of Citrus aurantifolia and Honey against Plasmodium berghei–İnfected Mice
http://www.doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v7i1.13
Keywords:
Antimalaria, Citrus aurantifolia, plasmodium, parasitemiaAbstract
Previous studies have reported artemisinin resistance. Drugs for malaria treatment have been developed from plants. Citrus aurantifolia was traditionally used to treat ailments. This study aimed to evaluate an antimalarial effect from Citrus aurantifolia, honey and a combination of Citrus aurantifolia and honey against Plasmodium berghei and analyze phytochemicals from the formula. Thirty mice were randomized into five groups. A four-day suppressive test was performed to evaluate the antimalarial activity. Data were analyzed using one- way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc-test to compare between and within groups. Test results which show a p-value of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. The suppressive model showed a percentage parasite suppression of 67.5, 87.5, 78.8, and 86.2 for Citrus aurantifolia, stingless bee honey, a combination of Citrus aurantifolia-honey, and DHP, respectively. The maximum parasite suppression (87.5%) was exerted by the stingless bee honey group. There were no significant differences in parasite suppression in the DHP group, honey, a combination of honey and Citrus aurantifolia. Phytochemical analysis revealed that stingless bee honey contains saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and alkaloids, while lime contains several saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, and steroids. A combination of Citrus aurantifolia and honey has potential to produce an antimalarial activity in vivo. However, the dose of Citrus aurantifolia in this study was relatively high and the effect of its extract on internal organs was not yet observed. Further research is required to study to what extent lower doses of Citrus aurantifolia produce an antimalarial activity.
References
Tizifa TA, Kabaghe AN, McCann RS, van den Berg H, Van Vugt M, Phiri KS. Prevention Efforts for Malaria. Curr Trop Med Reports. 2018; 5(1):41-50.
Sahu M, Tediosi F, Noor AM, Aponte JJ, Fink G. Health Systems and Global Progress Towards Malaria Elimination, 2000-2016. Malar J. 2020; 19(1):141.
Hill AV. Vaccines against Malaria. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 2011; 366(1579):2806-2814.
Ouji M, Augereau JM, Paloque L, Benoit-Vical F. Plasmodium Falciparum Resistance to Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies: A sword of Damocles in the Path Toward Malaria Elimination. Parasite (Paris, France). 2018; 24(2018):1-12.
Blasco B, Leroy D, Fidock DA. Antimalarial Drug Resistance: Linking Plasmodium falciparum Parasite Biology to The Clinic. Nat Med. 2017; 23(8):917-928.
Laksemi DA, Sukrama ID, Suwanti LT, Sudarmaja M, Damayanti PA, Tunas IK, Wiryanthini IA, Linawati NM. A Comprehensive Review on Medicinal Plants Potentially as Antimalarial. Trop J Nat Prod Res, 2022; 6(3), 287–298.
Habibi P, Shi Y, Fatima Grossi-de-Sa M, Khan I. Plants as Sources of Natural and Recombinant Antimalaria Agents. Mol Biotechnol. 2022; 64(11):1177-1197.
Berthi W, González A, Rios A, Blair S, Cogollo Á, Pabón A. Anti-plasmodial Fffect of Plant Extracts from Picrolemma huberi and Picramnia latifolia. Malar J. 2018; 17(1):151.
Uzor PF. Alkaloids from Plants with Antimalarial Activity: A Review of Recent Studies. Evid Based Complement Alterna Med. 2020; 2020(8749083):1-17.
Chusniah I and Muhtadi A. Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Activity as Antibacterial, Antiviral, Antifungal, Larvicidal, and Anthelmintic. Farmaka. 2017; 15(2):9-23.
Narang N, Jiraungkoorskul W. Anticancer activity of key lime, Citrus aurantifolia. Pharmacog Rev. 2016;10(20):118- 122.
Shija KM, Nondo RSO, Mloka D, Sangeda RZ, Bwire GM. Effects of Lemon Decoction on Malaria Parasite Clearance and Selected Hematological Parameters in Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infected Mice. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020; 20(1):24.
Laomo S. Loho L. Kairupan CF. Histopathological Picture of the Stomach of Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Given Lime Juice (Citrus aurantifolia). Biomed J. 2016; 4(2):1-6.
Samarghandian S, Farkhondeh T, Samini F. Honey and Health: A Review of Recent Clinical Research. Pharmacog Res. 2017; 9(2):121-127.
Nugroho YA. Antimalarial Activity (in vivo) of a Combination of Betel (Piper betle L), Miyana Leaves (Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. BR.) Honey and Egg Yolk in Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei (in Indonesian). Health res bulletin. 2011; 39(3):129-137.
Boshtam M, Moshtaghian J, Naderi G, Asgary S, Nayeri H. Antioxidant Effects of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) Juice and Peel Extract on LDL Oxidation. J Res Med Sci. 2011; 16(7):951- 955.
Al-Aamri MS, Al-Abousi NM, Al-Jabri SS, Alam T, Khan SA. Chemical Composition and in- Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Citrus aurantifolia L. Leaves grown in Eastern Oman. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2018; 13(2):108-112.
Sahlan M, Karwita S, Gozan M, Hermansyah H, Yohda M, Yoo YJ, Pratami DK. Identification and Classification of Honey's Authenticity by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometric Method. Vet World. 2019; 12(8):1304-1310.
Choudhari MK, Punekar SA, Ranade RV, Paknikar KM. Antimicrobial Activity of Stingless Bee (Trigona sp.) Propolis Used in the Folk Medicine of Western Maharashtra, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 141(1):363-7.
Eteraf-Oskouei T, Najafi M. Traditional and Modern Uses of Natural Honey in Human
Diseases: A review. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2013; 16(6):731-42.
Lawal B, Shittu OK, Kabiru AY, Jigam AA, Umar MB, Berinyuy EB, Alozieuwa BU. Potential Antimalarials from African Natural Products: A review. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 4(4):318-43.
Saati EA. Identification of Glycone Types in The Crown Flower of Batu Local Roses using Lc-Ms Analysis. ARPN J Engineer Applied Sci. 2016; 11(21):1272-1273.
Prasiwi D. Sundaryono A. Handayani D. Activity of The Ethanol Fraction of Peronema canescens Leaves on Plasmodium berghei Growth Rate. Alotrop J. 2018; 2(1):25–32
Wahyuni. Acute Toxicity Test of Lemon Juice (Citrus aurantifolia) in Mice (Mus musculus). Theses [ 27 August 2022] Available from: http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/106246
Adokoh CK, Asante DB, Acheampong DO, Kotsuchibashi Y, Armah FA, Sirikyi IH, Kimura K, Gmakame E, AbdulRauf S. Chemical Profile and in vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Unripe Citrus aurantifolia Essential Oil. Toxicol Rep. 2019 Jul 12;6:692-702.
Khrisnaree F and Ukkuru PM. Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Different Bee Honeys. J of Med Herbs and Ethnomed. 2015; 1(1):38-44.
Syafrizal, Ramadhan R, Kusuma IW, Egra S, Shimizu K, Kanzaki M, Arung ET.. Diversity and honey properties of stingless bees from meliponiculture in East and North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 2020; 21(10):4623-4630.
Czechowski T, Rinaldi MA, Famodimu MT, Veelen MV. Larson TR. Thilo W. Rathbone DA. Harvey D. Horrocks P. Graham IA. Flavonoid versus Artemisinin Anti-malarial Activity in Artemisia annua Whole-Leaf Extracts. Front Plant Sci. 2019; 10(984):1-11.
Taek MM, Tukan GD, Prajogo BEW, Agil M. Antiplasmodial activity and phytochemical constituents of selected antimalarial plants used by native people in West Timor Indonesia. Turkish J Pharm Sci. 2021; 18(1):80-90
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
