Antibacterial Activity and Stability Evaluation of “Apo-taat” Remedy Extract for Inhibiting Diarrhoea-Causing Bacteria
doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v4i12.12
Keywords:
Apo-taat remedy, Anti-bacterial activity, Caesalpinia sappan, Stability testing, Phyllanthus emblicaAbstract
Apo-taat, a plant-based, Thai traditional medicine that contains Caesalpinia sappan and Phyllanthus emblica, is used for treating diarrhea. In the present study, the ingredients of the Apo-taat remedy were extracted, analysed and investigated for antibacterial activity and stability testing under forced degradation and accelerated conditions. Apo-taat extract showed good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis with MIC values of 0.313 to 1.25 mg/mL. The main chemical constituent of Apo-taat extract was brazilin (51.94 mg/g of dried extract) and gallic acid (7.30 mg/g of dried extract). Brazilin and gallic acid were unstable under acid and alkaline conditions but stable under oxidation and thermal degradation and over six months. These results can be concluded that Apo-taat showed good antibacterial activity and stable under oxidation condition, thermal condition and long-term storage at room temperature.
References
Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). Diarrhea: Overview. [Online]. 2016 [cited 2020 Nov 18]. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK373090/
Akhondi H and Simonsen KA. Bacterial Diarrhea. [Online]. 2020 [cited 2020 Nov 10]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551643/.
Sattar SBA and Singh S. Bacterial Gastroenteritis. [Online]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 18]. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30020667.
GBD 2016 Diarrhoeal Disease Collaborators. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018; 18(11):1211-1228.
Kim YJ, Park KH, Park DA, Park J, Bang BW, Lee SS, Lee EJ, Lee HJ, Hong SK, Kim YR. Guideline for the Antibiotic Use in Acute Gastroenteritis. Infect Chemother. 2019; 51(2):217-243.
Aslam B, Wang W, Arshad MI, Khurshid M, Muzammil S, Rasool MH, Nisar MA, Alvi RF, Aslam MA, Qamar MU, Salamat MKF, Baloch Z. Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis. Infect Drug Resist. 2018; 11:1645-1658.
Rossiter SE, Fletcher MH, Wuest WM. Natural Products as Platforms To Overcome Antibiotic Resistance. Chem Rev. 2017; 117(19):12415-74.
Agunu A, Yusuf S, Andrew GO, Zezi AU, Abdurahman EM. Evaluation of five medicinal plants used in diarrhoea treatment in Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 101(1- 3):27-30.
Maroyi A. Treatment of diarrhoea using traditional medicines: contemporary research in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2016; 13(6):5-10.
The National Drug Committee. National List of Essential Medicines. Nonthaburi: The Ministry of Public Health; 2008.
Pichiansuntorn C, Chavalit M, Jirawong W. King Narai’s drug formulas (Tamra Phra Osot Phra Narai). 1st ed. Bangkok: War Veterans Organization office of Printing Mill Department of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine, Minitry of Public Health; 2001.
Sripanidkulchai B and Fangkrathok N. Antioxidant, antimutagenic and antibacterial activities of extracts from Phyllanthus emblica branches. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2014; 36(6):669-74.
Khoa PT, Quy PB, Lien DTM, Phung NKP, Tuyet NTA. Chemical study of the stem bark of Phyllanthus emblica (Phyllanthaceae). Vietnam J Chem. 2020; 58(4):559-64.
Borges A, Ferreira C, Saavedra MJ, Simoes M. Antibacterial activity and mode of action of ferulic and gallic acids against pathogenic bacteria. Microb Drug Resist. 2013; 19(4):256-65.
Choi JG, Kang OH, Lee YS, Oh YC, Chae HS, Jang HJ, Shin DW, Kwon DY Antibacterial activity of methyl gallate isolated from Galla Rhois or carvacrol combined with nalidixic acid against nalidixic acid resistant bacteria. Molecules. 2009;14(5):1773-80.
Puttipan R, Wanachantararak P, Khongkhunthian S, Okonogi S. Effects of Caesalpinia sappan on pathogenic bacteria causing dental caries and gingivitis. Drug Discov Ther. 2017; 11(6):316-22.
Xia Z, Li D, Li Q, Zhang Y, Kang W. Simultaneous determination of brazilin and protosappanin B in Caesalpinia sappan by ionic-liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction method combined with HPLC. Chem Cent J. 2017; 11(1):114.
Nirmal NP, Rajput MS, Prasad RG, Ahmad M. Brazilin from Caesalpinia sappan heartwood and its pharmacological activities: A review. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2015; 8(6):421-30.
Sarker SD, Nahar L, Kumarasamy Y. Microtitre platebased antibacterial assay incorporating resazurin as an indicator of cell growth, and its application in the in vitro antibacterial screening of phytochemicals. Methods 2007; 42(4):321-4.
World Health Organization. Annex 2 Stability testing of active pharmaceutical ingredients and finished pharmaceutical products. Technical Report Series No. 953. 2009.
Blessy M, Patel RD, Prajapati PN, Agrawal YK. Development of forced degradation and stability indicating studies of drugs-A review. J Pharm Anal. 2014; 4(3):159- 65.
Peram MR, Jalalpure SS, Palkar MB, Diwan PV. Stability studies of pure and mixture form of curcuminoids by reverse phase-HPLC method under various experimental stress conditions. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2017; 26(3):591- 602.
Kumar A, Tantry BA, Rahiman S, Gupta U. Comparative study of antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of methanolic and aqueous extracts of the fruit of Emblica officinalis against pathogenic bacteria. J Tradit Chin Med. 2011; 31(3):246-50.
Chaphalkar R, Apte KG, Talekar Y, Ojha SK, Nandave M. Antioxidants of Phyllanthus emblica L. Bark Extract Provide Hepatoprotection against Ethanol-Induced Hepatic Damage: A Comparison with Silymarin. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017; 2017:3876040.
Pinho E, Ferreira IC, Barros L, Carvalho AM, Soares G, Henriques M. Antibacterial potential of northeastern Portugal wild plant extracts and respective phenolic compounds. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014:814590.
Wald-Dickler N, Holtom P, Spellberg B. Busting the Myth of "Static vs Cidal": A Systemic Literature Review. Clin Infect Dis. 2018; 66(9):1470-1474.
Zhang J, Huang X, Huang S, Huang S, Deng M, Xie X, Liu M, Liu H, Zhou X, Li J, Ten Cate JM. Changes in composition and enamel demineralization inhibition activities of gallic acid at different pH values. Acta Odontol Scand. 2015; 73(8):595-601.
Settharaksa S, Pathompak P, Madaka F, Monton C. Antibacterial activity and forced degradation study of Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood extract for inhibiting pusforming bacteria. BHST. 2016; 14(2):64-69.
Rondao R, Seixas de Melo JS, Pina J, Melo MJ, Vitorino T, Parola AJ. Brazilwood reds: the (photo)chemistry of brazilin and brazilein. J Phys Chem A. 2013; 117(41):10650-60.
Krihariyani D, Wasito EB, Isnaeni I, Siswodihardjo S, Yuniarti WM, Kurniawan E. In silico study on antibacterial activity and brazilein adme of sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) against Escherichia coli (strain K12). Sys Rev Pharm. 2020; 11(10):290-296
Li M, Kai Y, Qiang H, Dongying J. Biodegradation of gallotannins and ellagitannins. J Basic Microbiol. 2006;46(1):68-84.
International Conference on Harmonization. Q1A(R2): Stability testing of new drug substances and products (second revision), EU. The Federal Register. 2003; 68(225):65717–65718
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
