Phenotypic and Genetic Effects of Wi-Fi Waves on Some Bacterial Species Isolated from Otitis Media Infection doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v4i12.6
Main Article Content
Abstract
An increasing use of telecommunication technologies such as bluetooth, and Wi-Fi has led to an increase in exposure of living organisms to electromagnetic radiations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Wi-Fi waves on some pathogenic bacteria including Kocuria kristinae, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis isolated from patients suffering from Otitis media infection. The organisms were identified using phenotypic and biochemical characteristics. Four cultures of each of the bacterial isolates were respectively exposed to a 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi waves at a distance of 0, 0.5, 5 or 10 m from the radiation source. Sensitivity of the bacterial isolates was tested against nalidixic acid, tetracycline and tobramycin before and after exposure. Also, DNA was extracted, purified and quantified from the test bacterial isolates before and after exposure. These extracts were used to perform a random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), the products were separated on an agarose gel electrophoresis and data were analyzed. The results of the antibiotic sensitivity testing indicated a significant effect of the Wi-Fi waves on it. All the isolates were resistant to the antibiotics before exposure, but most of them became sensitive after exposure. RAPD-PCR markers showed that the Wi-Fi waves have serious effect on the bacterial genetic materials. Our finding revealed that Wi-Fi waves have significant effects on the phenotypic and genetic traits of test bacterial isolates. Therefore, it is recommended that cautions should be taken when handling electromagnetic-emitting devices as a result of the serious health isk associated with them.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Hardell L and Sage C. Biological effects from electromagnetic field exposure and public exposure standards. J Biomed Pharma. 2008; 62(2):104-109.
Balmori A. Radiotelemetry and wildlife: highlighting a gap in the knowledge on radiofrequency radiation effects. J SciEnviron. 2016; 9:543-662.
Foletti A, Lisi A, Ledda M, de Carlo F, Grimaldi S. Cellular ELF signals as a possible tool in informative medicine.Elec Bio Med. 2009; 28(1):9-71.
Oncul S, Cuce EM, Aksu B, Inhan Garip A. Effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on bacterial membrane. Int J Rad Bio. 2016; 92(1):9-42.
Ng KH. Non-ionizing radiations–sources, biological effects, emissions and exposures. Int Con Rad. 2003; 20:1-16.
Belyaev I. Non-thermal biological effects of microwaves. Micro Rev. 2005; 11(2):13-29.
Salmen SH. Non-thermal biological effects of electromagnetic field on bacteria-A review. Am J ResCommun. 2016; 4:16-28.
Gaafar ES, Hanafy MS, Tohamy EY, Ibrahim MH. Stimulation and control of E. coli by using an extremely low frequency magnetic field. Rom J Bioph. 2006; 16(4):96-283.
Ibraheim MH and El-Din Darwish D. Hz frequency magnetic field effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis bacteria. IOSR J Appl Phys. 2013; 5(3):49- 56.
Inhan-Garip A, Aksu B, Akan Z, Akakin D, Ozaydin AN, San T. Effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on growth rate and morphology of bacteria. Int J Rad Bio. 2011; 87(12):61-1155.
Tessaro LW, Murugan NJ, Persinger MA. Bacterial growth rates are influenced by cellular characteristics of individual species when immersed in electromagnetic fields. Microbiol Res. 2015; 172:26-33.
Taheri M, Mortazavi SM, Moradi M, Mansouri S, Nouri F, Mortazavi SA, Bahmanzadegan F. Klebsiella pneumonia, a microorganism that approves the non-linear responses to antibiotics and window theory after exposure to Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2015; 5(3):1-115.
Phillips JL, Singh NP, Lai H. Electromagnetic fields and DNA damage. Pathophys J. 2009; 16(2-3):79-88.
Montagnier L, Aissa J, Ferris S, Montagnier JL, Lavalléee C. Electromagnetic signals are produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from bacterial DNA sequences. Interdisciplinary Sciences: Compu L Sci. 2009; 1(2):81-90.
Torgomyan H, Kalantaryan V, Trchounian A. Low intensity electromagnetic irradiation with 70.6 and 73 GHz frequencies affects Escherichia coli growth and changes water properties. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2011; 60(3):275- 281.
Tadevosyan H, Kalantaryan V, Trchounian A. Extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation enforces bacterial effects of inhibitors and antibiotics. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2008; 51(3):97-103.
Ming-Yan L, Kun S, Xu Z, Imshik L. Mechanism for alternating electric fields induced-effects on cytosolic calcium. Chin Phys Lett. 2009; 26(1):12-17.
Martins A, Machado L, Costa S, Cerca P, Spengler G, Viveiros M, Amaral L. Role of calcium in the efflux system of Escherichia coli. Int J Antimicrob Agent. 2011; 37(5):410-414.
Psifidi A, Dovas CI, Bramis G, Lazou T, Russel CL, Arsenos G, Banos G. Comparison of eleven methods for genomic DNA extraction suitable for large-scale wholegenome genotyping and long-term DNA banking using blood samples. PLoS One 2015; 10(1):e0115-960.
Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS. Baily and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology. 12th ed. Mosby (Elsevier). USA. 2007. 171-178 p.
Wiegand I, Hilpert K, Hancock RE. Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances. Natur Prot. 2008; 3(2):163.
Cockerill FR, Wikler MA, Alder J, Dudley MN, Eliopoulos GM, Ferraro MJ, Hardy DY, Hecht DW, Hindler JA, Patel JB, Powell M. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twenty-second informational supplement. Clin Lab Standards Inst. 2012; 32(3):22-100.
Varaldo PE. Antimicrobial resistance and susceptibility testing: an evergreen topic. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002; 50(1):1-4.
Taheri M, Mortazavi SM, Moradi M, Mansouri S, Hatam GR, Nouri F. Evaluation of the effect of radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi router and mobile phone simulator on the antibacterial susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Dose-Resp. 2017; 15(1):155-581.
Onasanya A, Mignouna HD, Thottappilly G. Genetic fingerprinting and phylogenetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Nigeria. Afr J Biotech. 2003; 2(8):246- 250.
Hamzah HM, Salah RF, Maroof MN. Fusarium mangiferae as New Cell Factories for Producing Silver Nanoparticles. J Micro Biotech. 2018; 28(10):1654-1663.
Sambrook JF and Russell DW. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 3rd ed. New York: Cold Spri Har LabPress. 2012; 4:1-1879 p.
Mukhlif AS. The Genetic Diversity of a Number of Beansplant (FabaVicia) Genetic Compositions and theirIndividual Hybrids are Loaded using RAPD PCR Technology. Tikrit, Iraq: J Tikrit University for Agric SciSpecial Issue of the Sixth Sci Conf of Agric Sci. 2017;
(17):579-595.
Williams JG, Kubelik AR, Livak KJ, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucl Acid Res. 1990; 18(22):6531-6535.
Belyaev I. Toxicity and SOS-response to ELF magnetic fields and nalidixic acid in E. coli cells. Mutation Research. Gen Toxi Environ Mutagen. 2011; 722(1):56-61.
Cranfield C, Wieser HG, Madan JA, Dobson J. Preliminary evaluation of nanoscale biogenic magnetite-based ferromagnetic transduction mechanisms for mobile phone bioeffects. IEEE Trans Nanobio. 2003; 2(1):3-40.
Nakouti I, Hobbs G, Teethaisong Y, Phipps D. A demonstration of a thermal effects of continuous microwave irradiation on the growth and antibiotic sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Biotech Pro. 2017; 33(1):37-44.
Gaafar ES, Hanafy MS, Tohamy EY, Ibrahim MH. The effect of electromagnetic field on protein molecular structure of E. coli and its pathogenesis. Rom J Biophys. 2008; 18(2):145-169.
Said-Salman IH, Jebaii FA, Yusef HH, Moustafa ME. Evaluation of Wi-Fi Radiation Effects on Antibiotic Susceptibility, Metabolic Activity and Biofilm Formation by Escherichia Coli O157H7, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2019;
(5):579-576.
Segatore B, Setacci D, Bennato F, Cardigno R, Amicosante G, Iorio R. Evaluations of the effects of extremely lowfrequency lectromagnetic fields on growth and antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Microb. 2012; 2:12-20.
Torgomyan H and Trchounian A. Escherichia coli membrane-associated energy-dependent processes andsensitivity toward ntibiotics changes as responses to lowintensity electromagnetic irradiation of 70.6 and 73 GHz frequencies. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2012; 62(3):451-461.
Torgomyan H, Tadevosyan H, Trchounian A. Extremely high frequency electromagnetic irradiation in combinationwith antibiotics enhances antibacterial effects on Escherichia coli. Curr Microb. 2011; 62(3):962-967.
Polk C. Electric fields and surface charges induced by ELF magnetic fields Bioelectromagnetics. J BioelectromagneticsSociety. 1990; 11(2):189-201.
Fadel MA, Mohamed SA, Abdelbacki AM, El‐SharkawyAH. Inhibition of S almonella typhi growth using extremely low frequency electromagnetic (ELF‐EM) waves at resonance frequency. J Appl Micro. 2014; 117(2):358-365.
Lee S, Hinz A, Bauerle E, Angermeyer A, Juhaszova K, Kaneko Y, Singh PK, Manoil C. Targeting a bacterial stress response to enhance antibiotic action. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2009; 106(34):14570-4575.
Ayari S, Dussault D, Millette M, Hamdi M, Lacroix M. Changes in membrane fatty acids and murein compositionof Bacillus cereus and Salmonella Typhi induced by gamma irradiation treatment. Internat J Food Microbiol. 2009; 135(1):1-6.
Blair JM, Richmond GE, Piddock LJ. Multidrug efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria and their role in antibiotic resistance. Fut Micro. 2014; 9(10):1165-1177.
Ke YL, Chang FY, Chen MK, Li SL, Jang LS. Influence of electromagnetic signal of antibiotics excited by lowfrequency pulsed electromagnetic fields on growth of Escherichia coli. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2013; 67(3):1229-1237.
Cowell BA, Twining SS, Hobden JA, Kwong MS, Fleiszig SM. Mutation of lasA and lasB reduces Pseudomonasaeruginosa invasion of epithelial cells. J Microbio. 2003;149(8):2291-2299.
Fregel R, Rodriguez V, Cabrera VM. Microwave improved Escherichia coli transformation. Lett Appl Microbio. 2008;46(4):498-499.
Strašák L, Vetterl V, Fojt L. Effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on the viability of different bacterial strains. Electro Bio Medic. 2005; 24(3):293-300.
Oncul S, Cuce EM, Aksu B, Inhan Garip A. Effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on bacterialmembrane. Int J Radi Bio. 2016; 92(1):9-42.
Blair MW, Díaz LM, Buendía HF, Duque MC. Genetic diversity, seed size associations and population structure of a core collection of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Theo Appl Gene. 2009; 119(6):955-972.