Cytotoxic Activity Against Breast Cancer of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of the Fruiting Bodies Ganoderma multiplicatum through Inducing Apoptosis
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Abstract
Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide, underscoring the need for safer and more effective therapeutic agents, particularly those derived from natural medicinal resources. This study evaluated the cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activities of the ethyl acetate fraction (GMEA) obtained from the 96% ethanol extract of Ganoderma multiplicatum (GME) against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Triterpenoid quantification using the vanillin assay revealed enrichment of these compounds in GMEA (5.84 ± 1.41 mg/g) compared with GME (4.83 ± 0.40 mg/g). GMEA significantly reduced MCF-7 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 147.69 µg/mL after 48 h. Flow cytometry demonstrated marked increases in both early (0.8% -16.1%) and late apoptosis (0.7% - 2.8%). Importantly, GMEA exhibited minimal cytotoxicity toward human fibroblasts at concentrations ≤ 400 µg/mL, suggesting selective activity against cancer cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that triterpenoid enriched fraction from Ganoderma multiplicatum exert cytotoxic effects through apoptosis induction and highlight this species as a promising and underexplored source of natural anticancer agents.
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