Enzyme-assisted Extraction Optimization of Bioactive Phenolic Components from Phyllanthus urinaria
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Abstract
Phyllanthus urinaria is a traditional medicinal plant commonly used in Asian countries due to its rich phenolic content and antioxidant potential. The present study aimed to optimize the extraction method of polyphenols from P. urinaria using cellulase-assisted extraction (EAE). Key extraction parameters, including material-to-solvent ratio, extraction time, temperature, pH, and enzyme concentration, were first investigated through single-factor experiments to evaluate polyphenol recovery and antioxidant activity. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was then employed to determine the optimal conditions, which were established at a solvent-to-material ratio of 1:19, an extraction time of 78 minutes, a temperature of 45.7°C, a pH of 5.02, and an enzyme concentration of 1.6%. Under these conditions, the extract exhibited a total polyphenol content of 17.20 mg/g and antioxidant activity of 15.51 mg/g by DPPH assay, while the quadratic RSM model showed strong predictive reliability (adjusted R² = 0.98; lack-of-fit, p > 0.05). HPLC-QTOF-MS analysis identified 10 major bioactive compounds, confirming the phytochemical richness of the extract. The findings highlight EAE as a sustainable and effective method for recovering functional constituents from P. urinaria, with promising applications in functional foods and pharmaceutical product development. Future studies should investigate the bioavailability and absorption mechanisms of the identified compounds to support their therapeutic utilization.
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