Extraction Conditions and Chemical Profiling of Limnophila aromatica Essential Oil using GC-MS in Can Tho, Vietnam
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Limnophila aromatica, a tropical plant commonly found in moist environments, is widely utilized in Vietnamese culinary and traditional medicinal practices. The plant’s essential oil is rich in bioactive constituents, including limonene and phellandral, which have demonstrated antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and neurorelaxant effects. This study aims to optimize the extraction of essential oil from Limnophila aromatica, analyze it, and identify its primary chemical components using GC-MS. Essential oil from Limnophila aromatica was extracted by hydrodistillation. The extraction conditions were optimized by evaluating key parameters, including the plant-to-solvent ratio, extraction time, distillation rate, and plant morphology. The resulting oil was then analyzed for its physicochemical characteristics using GC-MS. The findings revealed that the optimal conditions for extracting essential oil from Limnophila aromatica were a material-to-solvent ratio of 1:6, a distillation time of 150 minutes, and a distillation rate of level 3. Notably, plant morphology significantly affected the yield, with the purple variety producing a much higher yield (0.173%) than the green variety (0.097%). GC–MS analysis identified D-Limonene as the major component (51.76%), followed by 1,3,4-trimethyl-3- cyclohexenyl-1-carboxaldehyde (14.74%), (6,6-dimethylbicyclo (3.1.1) hept-2-yl) methyl acetate (7.34%), along with various other monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. These results provide a critical scientific foundation for enhancing the extraction process and promoting the application of Limnophila aromatica essential oil in health care, cosmetic formulations, and functional food products.
Downloads
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
1. Thanatuskitti P, Siripornpanich V, Sayorwan W, Ruangrungsi N. The effects of inhaled Limnophila aromatica essential oil on brain wave activities and emotional states in healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover study. J Res Pharm. 2020; 7(4):1–9. https://doi.org/10.22127/rjp.2020.230400.1586
2. Munglue P, Rattana K, Sangchanjiradet S, Jankam A, Dasri K. Growth performance and intestinal morphology of hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus × Clarias gariepinus) fed diet supplemented with rice paddy herb (Limnophila aromatica) extract. Asian Pac J Sci Technol. 2019; 24(2):1–12. https://doi.org/10.14456/apst.2019.17
3. Diem DQ, Suong NTT. Effect of water content and extraction time on essential oil recovery efficiency from Limnophila aromatica. J Sci Technol. 2020; 44(2):15-23. https://doi.org/10.46242/jst-iuh.v44i02.566
4. Thuyen NTB, Men TT, Phong HQ, Huong HL. Study on chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil of Limnophila aromatica (Lamk.) Merr. VNU J Sci Technol. 2024; 66(4):72–77. https://doi.org/10.31276/VJSTE.2023.0074
5. Diem DQ, Tam ND. Analyzing antioxidants from Limnophila aromatica. J Sci Technol. 2019; 39(3):50-57. https://doi.org/10.46242/jst-iuh.v39i03.452
6. Do QD, Angkawijaya AE, Tran-Nguyen PL, Huynh LH, Soetaredjo FE, Ismadji S, Ju YH. Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2014; 22(3):296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2013.11.001
7. Al-Rubaye AF, Hameed IH, Kadhim MJ. A review: uses of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique for analysis of bioactive natural compounds of some
plants. Int J Trop Res. 2017; 9(1):81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijtpr.v9i01.9042
8. Gorai D, Jash SK, Singh RK, Gangopadhyay A. Chemical and pharmacological aspects of Limnophila aromatica(Scrophulariaceae): an overview. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2014; 2(3):348–356.
9. Wijaya C, Do QD, Ju YH, Santoso SP, Putro JN, Laysandra L, Soetaredjo FE, Ismadji S. Isolation and characterization of starch from Limnophila aromatica. Heliyon. 2019; 5(5):e01622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01622
10. Dung L K, Tuyen N T N, Nhu N T K, Vy N L K, Thi Linh Tuyen N, Yen N H. Factors Affecting Extraction Efficiency and Establishing Quality Standards for Pomelo Peel Essential Oil: A GC-FID Approach.Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod.2025; 20(3):e161646. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjnpp-161646
11. Kukongviriyapan U, Luangaram S, Leekhaosoong K, Kukongviriyapan V, Preeprame S. Antioxidant and vascular protective activities of Cratoxylum formosum, Syzygium gratum and Limnophila aromatica. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007; 30(4):661–666. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.30.661
12. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 9235:2021. Aromatic natural raw materials – Vocabulary. Geneva: ISO; 2021.
13. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 279:1998. Essential oils — Determination of relative density at 20 degrees C. Geneva: ISO; 1998.
14. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 280:1998. Essential oils — Determination of refractive index. Geneva: ISO; 1998.
15. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO 124:1997. Essential oils — Determination of non-volatile matter. Geneva: ISO; 1997.
16. Aziz ZAA, Ahmad A, Setapar SHM, Karakucuk A, Azim MM, Lokhat D, Rafatullah M, Ganash M, Kamal M, Ashraf GM. Essential oils: extraction techniques, pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential—a review. Curr Drug Metab. 2018; 19(13):1100–1110. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200219666180723144850
17. Kant R, Kumar A. Review on essential oil extraction from aromatic and medicinal plants: techniques, performance and economic analysis. Sustain Chem Pharm. 2022; 30:100829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2022.100829
18. Mohammed AMA, Alrayeh SA, Mohamed ME, Abdelrahman NA. GC–MS of essential oil, metal profile and physicochemical properties of fruits of Citrus macrophylla Wester from Sudan. Bull Natl Res Cent. 2021; 45:220. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00667-y
19. Abbas A, Anwar F, Ahmad N, Rehman A, Abdelfatah AM, Abdel-Reheim MA, Iqbal M, Iqbal S, Nazir A. GC-MS analysis and nutra-pharmaceutical potential of Mentha piperita essential oil extracted by supercritical fluid extraction and hydro-distillation. Heliyon. 2024; 10(16):e35282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35282
20. Maji SR, Roy C, Sinha SK. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS): a comprehensive review of synergistic combinations and their applications in the past two decades. J Anal Sci Appl Biotechnol. 2023; 14(1):1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.48402/IMIST.PRSM/jasab-v5i2.40209
21. Gupta A, Singh D, Ranjan R. GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds present in leaves, stem, and roots extract of Tylophora indica (Burm.fil.) Merr. Biogenesis J Ilm Biol. 2023; 11(1):130–143. https://doi.org/10.24252/bio.v11i1.36824