The Effect of 96% Ethanol Extract of Semanggi leaves (Marsilea crenata Presl.) on Locomotor Activity and Alpha-synuclein Aggregation in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Parkinson's Disease Model
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Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of the brain. Various factors such as aging, genetic predisposition, and exposure to environmental toxins like rotenone causes PD. Current PD treatments primarily manage motor symptoms, but long-term use of such therapy comes with side effects, necessitating the search for a potential drug with minimal adverse effects. Marsilea crenata Presl., commonly known as "Semanggi," is a plant recognized for its anti-neuroinflammatory activity. This study aimed to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effect of Marsilea crenata Presl leaf extract by assessing alpha-synuclein levels and locomotor activity in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model of PD. Marsilea crenata Presl. leaves were extract by ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method for 3 x 10 minutes. Zebrafish were induced with 5 ppb of rotenone and subsequently treated with 96% ethanol extract of Marsilea crenata Presl. leaves at various concentrations (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 ppm) for 28 days. Locomotor activity was observed weekly, while alpha-synuclein expression was measured using immunohistochemistry on day 28. The results indicate that 2.5 ppm of 96% ethanol leaf extract of Marsilea crenata Presl. was the optimal concentration that enhanced locomotor activity and reduced alpha-synuclein expression, with an average expression level of 42 ± 4-fold compared to 55 ± 6-fold in the rotenone group. Thus, 96% ethanol leaf extract of Marsilea crenata Presl. Exhibits antineurodegenerative activity, specifically in improving PD symptoms. Further study is required to confirm its molecular mechanism of action.
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