Quality Assessment of Groundwater in Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria
Main Article Content
Abstract
Drinking water contamination by heavy metals and microbes is increasingly implicated in a variety of diseases around the world, prompting quality assessment of all drinking water sources. This study evaluated the safety of borehole and well water in Mowe metropolis, Ogun State, Nigeria. The levels of heavy metals, namely copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), and chromium (Cr), as well as microorganisms were determined in the samples of the water using conventional procedures. The mean of the values obtained for each parameter was then compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. In addition, the average daily ingestion (ADI) and hazard quotients (HQ) of the heavy metals were estimated. The heavy metal analysis revealed that both the borehole and well water samples had non-tolerable concentrations of Pb and Fe, while Ni, Cd, Cr, and Cu were within the tolerable limits. The ADI and HQ of the heavy metals were within the recommended limits. However, the cumulative HQ (health risk index) of the heavy metals in the well water was higher than the threshold of 1. The microbiological examinations indicated that the borehole and well water samples contained non-permissible levels of bacterial and yeast colonies, while only the well water had non-permissible concentrations of coliforms. Heavy metals and microbiological contaminants in well water samples were higher in comparison. These findings indicate that the water may pose some health hazards if consumed in its current form. As such, consumers are advised to treat groundwater before consuming it.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Sharma S and Bhattacharya A. Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques. Appl Water Sci. 2017; 7:1043–1067.
Balogun SA, Akingbade OA, Oyekunle MA, Okerentugba PO. Physicochemical and Microbiological Profile of Drinking Water Sold in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Nat Sci. 2014; 12(3):103-105.
Fawell J and Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Contaminants in drinking water: Environmental pollution and health. Br Med Bull.2003; 68(1):199-208.
Fazal-Ur-Rehman M. Polluted Water Borne Diseases: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Prevention. J Med Chem Sci. 2019; 2(3):85-91.
Fronczyk J, Radziemska M, Dynowski P, Mazur Z, Bazyd OM. Quality of water in the road drainage systems in the Warsaw agglomeration, Poland. Water. 2016; 8(10):1–12.
World Health Organization. Water-related diseasesDiarrhoea. [2020]. Available at https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseasesrisks/diseases/diarrhoea/en/(Accessed February 15, 2022).
World Health Organization. Fact Sheet: Drinking-Water. [2018]. Available at http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_
npl_en.pdf. (Accessed February 15, 2022).
Singh R, Gautam N, Mishra A, Gupta R. Heavy metals and living systems: An overview. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011; 43(3):246-53.
Yoo J-W, Cho H, Lee K-W, Won E-J, Lee Y-M. Combined effects of heavy metals (Cd, As, and Pb): Comparative study using conceptual models and the antioxidant responses in the brackish water flea. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicol Pharmacol. 2021; 239:108863.
World Health Organization. Health Risk Assessment Toolkit. Chemical hazards. International Program on Chemical Safety Harmonization Project Document. No. 8, WHO, 2010.http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/methods/harmonization/toolkit.pdf.
Anyanwu BO, Ezejiofor AN, Igweze ZN, Orisakwe OE. Heavy Metal Mixture Exposure and Effects in Developing Nations: An Update. Toxics. 2018; 6(4):65.
Soller JA, Bartrand T, Ashbolt NJ, Ravenscroft J, Wade, TJ. Estimating the primary etiologic agents in recreational freshwaters impacted by human sources of faecal contamination. Water Res. 2010; 44 (16):4736–4747.
Cabral JP. Water microbiology. Bacterial pathogens and water. Int J Environ Res Pub Health. 2010; 7(10):3657-3703.
Malik A, Yasar A, Tabinda A, Abubakar M. Water-borne diseases, cost of illness and willingness to pay for diseases interventions in rural communities of developing countries. Iran J Pub Health. 2012; 41(6):39-49.
Omole DO and Okunowo. OS. People Perception of Domestic Water Supply Situation in Ogun State, Nigeria. Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol. 2016; 12(1):94-99.
World Health Organization. Water Sanitation and Health [2015]. Available online at http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases
(Accessed February 9, 2022).
Adeoti L, Alile OM, Uchegbulam O, Adegbola RB. Geoelectrical Investigation of the Groundwater Potential in Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria. Br J Appl Sci Technol. 2012; 2(1):58-71.
Yahaya T, Oladele E, Sifau M, Audu G, Bala J, Shamsudeen A. Characterization and Cytogenotoxicity of Birnin Kebbi Central Abattoir Wastewater. UNIPORT J Eng Sci Res. 2020; 5 (special issue):63-70.
Yahaya T, Esther O, Mutiu S, Aminu M, Esther O. Characterization and Cytogenotoxicity of Water Samples from River Challawa in Kano, Northwest Nigeria. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2021; 43(4):1-8.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Exposure factors handbook: 2011 edition. Washington, D.C, 2011;1436 p.
Yahaya TO, Ogundipe OA, Abdulazeez A, Usman B, Danjuma J. Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Three Vegetables Consumed in Lagos, South-West Nigeria. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2019; 3(11):332-338.
Ayedun H, Taiwo AM, Umar BF, Oseni OA, Oderinde AA. Assessment of groundwater contamination by toxic metals in Ifo, Southwestern Nigeria. Indian J Sci Technol. 2011; 4(7):820-823.
Adeniyi A, Yusuf K, Okedeyi O, Sowemimo M. Classification and Health Risk Assessment for Borehole Water Contaminated by Metals in Selected Households in Southwest Nigeria. J Water Resour Prot. 2016; 8:459-471.
Adewoyin OO, Kayode OT, Omeje O, Odetunmibi OA. Risk assessment of heavy metal and trace elements contamination in groundwater in some parts of Ogun state. Cogent Eng. 2019; 6(1):1632555.
Beier EE, Maher JR, Sheu T-J, Cory-Slechta DA, Berger AJ, Zuscik MJ, Puzas JE. Heavy metal lead exposure, osteoporotic-like phenotype in an animal model, and depression of Wnt signaling. Environ Health Perspect. 2013; 121 (1):97-104.
Towle KM, Garnick LC, Monnot AD. A human health risk assessment of lead (Pb) ingestion among adult wine consumers. Int J Food Contam. 2017; 4:7.
Eid R, Arab NTT, Greenwood MT. Iron mediated toxicity and programmed cell death: A review and a re-examination of existing paradigms. Biochim Biophy Acta (BBA) - Mol Cell Res. 2017; 1864 (2):399-430.
Parmar M and Thakur LS. Heavy Metal Cu, Ni and Zn: Toxicity, Health Hazards and their Removal Techniques by Low Cost Adsorbents: A Short Overview. Int J Plant Anim Environ Sci. 2013; 3 (3):143-157.
Rahimzadeh MR, Rahimzadeh MR, Kazemi S, Moghadamnia A. Cadmium toxicity and treatment: An update. Caspian J Intern Med. 2017; 8(3): 135–145.
Shrivastava R, Upreti RK, Seth PK, Chaturvedi UC. Effects of chromium on the immune system. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2002; 34 (1): 1–7.
Andjelkovic M, Djordjevic AB, Antonijevic E, Antonijevic B, Stanic M, Kotur-Stevuljevic J, Spasojevic-Kalimanovska V, Jovanovic M, Boricic N, Wallace D, Bulat Z. Toxic Effect of Acute Cadmium and Lead Exposure in Rat Blood, Liver, and Kidney. Int J Environ Res Pub Health. 2019; 16 (2):274.
Ubani-Rex OA, Saliu JK, Bello TH. Biochemical Effects of the Toxic Interaction of Copper, Lead and Cadmium on Clarias gariepinus. J Health Pollut. 2017; 7(16):38-48.
Amori AA, Oduntan OO, Okeyode IC, Ojo SO. Heavy metal concentration of groundwater deposits in Odeda region, Ogun state, Nigeria. E3 Environ Res Manag. 2013; 4(5): 0253-0259.
Yusuf A, Olasehinde A, Mboringong MM, Tabale RP, Daniel EP. Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Groundwater around Kashere and its Environs, Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria. Glob J Geol Sci. 2018; 16: 25-36.
Imam MM, Kankara IL, Abba Y. Determination of some heavy metals in borehole and well water from selected industrial areas of Kaduna metropolis. Discov Sci. 2018; 14:93-99.
Emenike PC, Tenebe I, Ogarekpe N, Omole D, Nnaji C. Probabilistic risk assessment and spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements in groundwater sources in Southwestern Nigeria. Sci Rep. 2019; 9: 15920.
Aladejana JA and Talabi AO. Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Abeokuta Southwestern, Nigeria. Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Abeokuta Southwestern, Nigeria. Research Inventory: Int J Eng Sci. 2013; 2 (6): 21-31.
Aina DA, Olawuyi OJ, Coker OA, Ojelabi DO, Alatise FA. Bacteriological analysis of borehole water from different towns in Ogun State, Nigeria. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2012; 6 (10): 2462-2468.
Olabisi OE, Awonusi AJ, Adebayo OJ. Assessment of bacterial pollution of shallow well waterin Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria. Life Sci. 2008; 5 (1): 59-65.
Bello OO, Osho A, Bankole SA, Bello TK. Bacteriological and Physicochemical Analyses of Borehole and Well Water Sources in Ijebu-Ode, Southwestern Nigeria. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2013; 8(2): 18-25.
Egwari L and Aboaba OO. Environmental impact on the bacteriological quality of domestic water supplies in Lagos, Nigeria. Rev Saúde Púb. 2002; 36(4): 513-520.
Igarashi H, Nago N, Kiyokawa H, Fukushi M. Abdominal pain and nausea in the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis in boys. Int J Gen Med. 2017; 10:311-318.
Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Stěpánková R, Kozáková H, Hudcovic T, Vannucci L, Tučková L. The role of gut microbiota (commensal bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer: contribution of germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models of human diseases. Cell Mol Immunol. 2011; 8 (2):110-120.
New York State Department of Health. Coliform bacteria in drinking water supplies. [2017] Available online at https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/coliform_bacteria.htm.
Patterson R and Lima N. Fungal contamination of drinking water. In book: Water encyclopedia. 1st ed. John Wiley & Sons; New York, USA: 2005. 1–7 p.
Adesiyan IM, Bisi-Johnson M, Aladesanmi OT, Okoh AI, Ogunfowokan AO. Concentrations and Human Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Rivers in Southwest Nigeria. Environ Pollut. 2018; 8(19):1-14.
World Health Organization. International year of freshwater. General assembly resolution A/RES/55/196. [2003]. Available online at
http://www.wateryear2003.org/(Accessed on March 18, 2022).
WHO (World Health Organization) (2017). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Fourth EditionIncorporating the First Addendum. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789 24154995 (Accessed April 12, 2022).