Molucidine and Desmethylmolucidine as Immunostimulatory Lead Compounds of xxxxxMorinda lucida (Rubiaceae) doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i5.29
Main Article Content
Abstract
Morinda lucida is of great demand in ethnomedicine for treating different kinds of sicknesses. This research work was directed towards validation of the immunostimulatory potentials of M. lucida in immunocompromised animal model as well as filling the gap in knowledge on the bioactive compounds responsible for this effect. The methanol leaf extract was separated into n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions. The extract and fractions were tested on cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice at doses ranging from 50 – 200 mg/kg with levamisole as positive control. The chromatographic methods were used in purification and isolation of the major bioactive compounds and their structures elucidated by 1D NMR spectroscopy. Other minor compounds present in the fractions were determined by dereplication using HPLC-DAD analysis. The isolated Compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated as molucidine and desmethylmolucidine respectively. Other minor compounds present in the fractions were luteolin, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, cinnamic acid, hyperoside, and cyclopenol. The extract and fractions showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in cellular immunity with ethyl acetate fraction being the most active fraction. The identification and isolation of these compounds as lead compounds responsible for the immunostimulatory activity constitute additional knowledge in the medicinal properties of M. lucida.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Busse PJ and Mathur, SK. Age-related changes in immune function: effect on airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 126(4):690-701.
Duggal S, Chugh TD, Duggal AK. HIV and malnutrition: effects on immune system.Clin Dev Immunol. 2012; 2012:784740.
Seiler A, Fagundes CP, Christian LM. The Impact of Everyday Stressors on the Immune System and Health. In: Choukèr A. (Eds). Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space. Springer Cham. 2020. 71-92 p.
Nicholls EF, Madera L, Hancock REW. Immunostimulators as adjuvants for vaccines and antimicrobial therapy. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2010; 1213:46-61.
Bagatini MD, Cardoso AM, Santos AA, Carvalho FB. Immune system and chronic diseases. J Immunol Res. 2017;2017:4284327.
Sofowora A, Ogunbodede E, Onayade A. The role and place of medicinal plants in the strategies for disease prevention. Afr J Trad Compl Altern Med. 2013; 10:210-229.
Alagawany MM, Farag MR, Dhama K, Abd-El-Hack ME, Tiwari R, Alam GM. Mechanisms and beneficial applications of resveratrol as feed additive in animal and poultry nutrition: A review. Int J Pharmacol. 2015; 11:213-221.
Spelman K, Burns J, Nichols D, Winters N, Ottersberg S, Tenborg M. Modulation of cytokine expression by traditional medicines: a review of herbal immunomodulators. Altern Med Rev. 2006; 11(2):128‐150.
Wink M. Modes of Action of Herbal Medicines and Plant Secondary Metabolites. Medicines. 2015; 2(3):251-286.
Das SC and Rahman MA. Taxonomic revision of the genus Morinda L. (Rubiaceae) in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Bot. 2011; 40(2):113-120.
Nworu CS, Akah PA, Okoye FBC, Onwuakagba CJ, Okorafor UO, Esimone CO. Supplementation with aqueous leaf extract of Morinda lucida enhances immunorestoration and upregulates the expression of cytokines and immunostimulatory markers. Immunol Invest. 2012; 41(8):799-819.
Umar MB, Ogbadoyi EO, Ilumi JY, Salawu OA, Tijani AY, Hassan IM. Antiplasmodial efficacy of methanolic root and leaf extracts of Morinda lucida. J Nat Sci Res. 2013; 3:112-123.
Kwofie KD, Tung NH, Suzuki-Ohashi M, AmoaBosompem M, Adegle R, Sakyiamah MM, Ayertey F, Owusu KB, Tuffour I, Atchoglo P, Frempong KK, Anyan WK, Uto T, Morinaga O, Yamashita T, Aboagye F, Appiah AA, Appiah-Opong R, Nyarko AK, Yamaguchi Y, Edoh D,
Koram KA, Yamaoka S, Boakye DA, Ohta N, Shoyama Y, Ayi I. Antitrypanosomal Activities and Mechanisms of Action of Novel Tetracyclic Iridoids from Morinda lucida Benth. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemo. 2016; 60(6):3283-3290.
Ahlmann M and Hempel G. The effect of cyclophosphamide on the immune system: implications for clinical cancer therapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2016; 78(4).
Shruthi S, Vijayalaxmi KK, Shenoy KB.Immunomodulatory Effects of Gallic Acid against Cyclophosphamide- and Cisplatin-induced
Immunosuppression in Swiss Albino Mice. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2018; 80(1):150-160.
Lin A and Lore K. Granulocytes: new members of the antigen-presenting cell family. Front Immunol. 2017; 8:1781.
Hirayama D, Iida T, Nakase H. The Phagocytic Function of Macrophage-Enforcing Innate Immunity and Tissue Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2017; 19(1):92.
Hussain H, Green IR, Saleem M, Raza ML, Nazir M.Therapeutic Potential of Iridoid Derivatives: Patent Review. Inventions. 2019; 4(2):29;
Abd-Alla HI, Sweelam HM, Mohamed TA, Gabr MM. El.Safty MM, Hegrazy MF. Efficacy of extracts and iridoid glucosides from pentas lanceolata on humoral and cellmediated immune response of viral vaccine. Med Chem Res. 2017; 26:2196-2204.
Singh J, Qayum A, Singh RD, Koul M, Kaul A, Satti NK, Dutt P, Hamid A, Singh S. Immunostimulatory activity of plumieride an iridoid in augmenting immune system by targeting Th-1 pathway in Balb/c mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2017; 48:203-210.
Raphael TJ and Kuttan G. Immunoregulatory activity of naturally occurring monoterpenes carvone, limonene and perillic acid. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2003; 25(2):285-294.
Bharshiv CK, Garg SK, Bhata AK. Immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extracts of Nyctanthesarbortristis flowers with particular reference to splenocytes and cytokines induction. Indian J Pharmacol. 2016; 48:412-417.
Antwi AN, Owusu KBA, Amoa-Bosompem M, Williams NB, Ayertey F, Akyeh L, Agyapong J, Tetteh T, Djameh GI, Botchie SK, Azerigyik F, Ablordey A, Tung NH, Uto T, Appiah AA, Iwanaga S, Shoyama Y, Ohta N, Egyir B, Ohashi M. Anti-microbial activities of selected Ghanaian
medicinal plants and four structurally similar anti-protozoan compounds against susceptible and multi-drug resistant bacteria. Eur J Med Plants. 2017; 20(2):1-14.
Amoa-Bosompem M, Ohashi M, Mosore M, Agyapong J, Tung NH, Kwofie KD. In vitro anti- Leishmania activity of tetracyclic iridoids from Morinda lucida Benth. Trop Med Health. 2016; 44:25.
Brahmkshatriya PP and Brahmkshatriya PS. Terpenes: chemistry, biological role, and therapeutic applications. In: Ramawat K., Mérillon JM. (eds) Natural Products. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg; 2013. 2665-2691 p