Antioxidant Activity of Diadema setosum Gonads from Kelapa Island, District of Seribu Island, Indonesia doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i5.3
Main Article Content
Abstract
Oxidative damage caused by ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) can trigger various chronic diseases. Marine antioxidant research has focused mainly on the antioxidant effects of crude extracts. This study aims to examine the antioxidant effect of polar and non-polar fractions of Diadema setosum gonads fraction. Sea urchin samples were obtained from Kelapa Island, Indonesia. The gonads of D. setosum were harvested, cut into small pieces, ground and macerated with methanol in a ratio of 1: 3 w/v to the mass of the sample. The methanol filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator at 40oC until a dry mass was obtained. The crude extract was fractionated in n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water, respectively. The crude methanol extract and fractions were tested for antioxidant activity using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The results showed that the n-hexane fraction had the highest antioxidant activity compared to the ethyl acetate and water fractions with IC50 value of 77.10 ppm.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Luceri C, Bigagli E, Femia A Pietro, Caderni G, Giovannelli L, Lodovici M. Aging related changes in circulating reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) and protein carbonyls are indicative of liver oxidative injury. Toxicol Rep. 2018; 5:141-145.
Finkel T and Holbrook NJ. Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature. 2000; 408(6809):239-247.
Sies H and Jones DP. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020; 21(7):363-383.
Ito N, Hirose M, Fukushima S, Tsuda H, Shirai T, Tatematsu M. Studies on antioxidants: Their carcinogenic and modifying effects on chemical carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol. 1986;24(10-11):1071-1082.
Safer AM. Hepatotoxicity induced by the anti-oxidant food additive, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), in rats: An electron microscopical study. Histol Histopathol. 1999; 14(2):391-406.
Ham J, Lim W, You S, Song G. Butylated hydroxyanisole induces testicular dysfunction in mouse testis cells by dysregulating calcium homeostasis and stimulating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Sci Total Environ. 2020; 702:134775.
Park S, Lee J, Lim W, You S, Song G. Butylated Hydroxyanisole Exerts Neurotoxic Effects by Promoting Cytosolic Calcium Accumulation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Astrocytes. J Agric Food Chem. 2019; 67(34):9618-9629.
Seifi-jamadi A, Kohram H, Zareh-shahne A. Effect of various concentrations of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene on freezing capacity of Turkman stallion sperm. Anim Reprod Sci. 2016; (170):108-113.
Ham J, Lim W, Whang K, Song G. Butylated hydroxytoluene induces dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting in mouse. Environ Pollut. 2019;256:113421.
Liang X, Zhao Y, Liu W, Li Z, Souders CL, Martyniuk CJ. Butylated hydroxytoluene induces hyperactivity and alters dopamine-related gene expression in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Pollut. 2019; 113624.
Wang W and Kannan K. Inventory, loading and discharge of synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) and their metabolites in wastewater treatment plants,. Water Res. 2017; 129:413-418.
Shahidi F. Maximising the Value of Marine By-Products -Google Books. 1st ed. (Fereidoon Shahidi, ed.). CRC Press; 2007. Accessed January 28, 2019.
Lawrence MJ and Lawrence JM. Edible Sea Urchins : Biology and Ecology. Elsevier; 2001; 1. Accessed January 25, 2019.
Shikov AN, Makarov VG, Pozharitskaya ON, Krishtopina AS. Naphthoquinone pigments from sea urchins : chemistry and pharmacology. Phytochem Rev. 2018; 17(3):509-534.
Suwignyo S, Widigdo B, Wardiatno YKM. Avertebrata Air.Penebar Swadaya; 2005; 1.
Sidiqi FM, Pringgenies D, Setyati WA. Antibacterial Activity of Gonad Methanol Extract of the Sea Urchin Diadema Setosum Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Earth Environ Sci. 2019; 246:012040.
Delianis P, Ana A, Sri S, Dwi H. The Potency of Sea Urchin (Diadema setosum) Gonad on Brain Cells of White Rats (Rattus norvegicus). Asian J Pharm. 2016; 10(2):100-107.
Mayer AM, Glaser KB, Cuevas C, Jacobs RS, Kem W, Little RD, McIntosh JM, Newman DJ, Potts BC, Shuster DE. The odyssey of marine pharmaceuticals: a current pipeline perspective. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2010; 31(6):255-265.
Garama D, Bremer P, Carne A. Extraction and analysis of carotenoids from the new zealand sea urchin evechinus chloroticus gonads. Acta Biochim Pol. 2012; 59(1):83-85.
Lawrence EJM, Suckling CC, Kelly MS, Symonds RC. Carotenoids in Sea Urchins. Dev Aquacult Fisheries Sci. 2020; 43(4):209-214.
M. Christopher AMLS. Marine Natural Products as Novel Antioxidant Prototypes. J Nat Prod. 2003; 66(5):605-608.
Cieśla Ł, Kryszeń J, Stochmal A, Oleszek W, WaksmundzkaHajnos M. Approach to develop a standardized TLC-DPPH test for assessing free radical scavenging properties of selected phenolic compounds. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2012; 70:126-135.
Hatano T, Kagawa H, Yasahara HT OT. The effect of extracts on DPPH radical was estimated according to the method. Food Chem. 1988; 78(3):347-354.
Tamokou JD, Simo Mpetga DJ, Keilah Lunga P, Tene M, Tane P, Kuiate JR. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate extract, fractions and compounds from stem bark of Albizia adianthifolia (Mimosoideae). BMC Compl Altern Med. 2012; 12(1):1-10.
Kirtawade R, Salve P, Kulkarni A, Dhabale P. Herbal antioxidant: Vitamin C. Res J Pharm Technol. 2010; 3(1):58-61.
Ghasemi K. Antioxidant Activity, Phenol, an Flavonoid Contents of Citrus. University of Agricultureal Science; 2008.
Sayeed A. Introduction of Plant Constituents and Their Tests. New Delhi University; 2007.
Molyneux P. The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. J Sci Technol. 2004; 26(2):211-219.