Protective Effects of Glycine max (L.) Merr. Ethanol Extract against Acetaminophen-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Rats
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Abstract
Acetaminophen, widely used as an analgesic and antipyretic, poses risks of nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity on prolonged use, leading to cumulative organ damage. Glycine max (edamame), recognized for its antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, can offer potential protective effects against this form of chronic toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the hepatorenal protective effect of edamame ethanol extract in acetaminophen-induced organ damage in rats. Wistar rats were divided into six groups: normal control, negative control given acetaminophen (1 g/kg) only, positive control given vitamin C (28 mg/kg) and acetaminophen, and three intervention groups receiving edamame extract at 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg once daily for ten days, acetaminophen was administered on the eleventh day. Hepatorenal protective effects of the extract was evaluated by measuring serum levels of liver and kidney function parameters, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine. Effect of the extract on inflammatory biomarkers [kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-)] as well as kidney and liver histopathology were also assessed. Results showed significant reductions in serum levels of urea (32%) and creatinine (28%) in the higher-dose groups, with marked improvements in kidney and liver histopathology, particularly in tubular and glomerular structures. ALT and AST levels were also significantly decreased by up to 35%, underscoring the extract's hepatoprotective potential. Although reductions in KIM-1 and TNF-α levels were not significant, histological assessments indicated decreased inflammation and oxidative damage. This study highlights edamame ethanol extract as a promising natural agent for mitigating cumulative acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.
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