Enriched Facial Skin Serum Formulation Using Nanogold and Oligochitosan Particles: Optimization by Box Behnken Design
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Abstract
Facial skin continuously exposed to oxidative stress can accelerate the skin aging process, and the effects of aging can be prevented using cosmetic products, such as facial serums containing antioxidants. Consequently, nanogold is widely used as a modern cosmetic ingredient because of it antioxidant properties. The addition of oligochitosan minimizes the use of synthetic antibacterials in serum preparations. Therefore, this study aimed to formulate, optimize, and characterize an anti-aging serum with a mixture of nanogold and oligochitosan. The serum formulation design was carried out using the Box Behnken (BBD) surface response methodology (RSM) with Design Expert 13.0.5.0. The fixed variables were methylparaben, propylene glycol, ascorbic acid, glycerin, nanogold, collagen, Tween 80, and double distilled water. The independent variables were oligochitosan, hyaluronic acid, and citric acid. The optimum formula was determined based on the physical properties (pH and viscosity), whereas the characterization included stability tests, antioxidant activity using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, and particle size analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The optimum concentrations of oligochitosan and hyaluronic acid in the serum formulation were 2.5% and 1%, respectively, with a serum pH value of 5.02, a viscosity value of 1320 cP, and a particle size in the range of 57-123 nm. This serum formulation exhibited low antioxidant activity.
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