Safety Evaluation, High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Profile, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Homalanthus macradenius Pax & K.Hoffm Crude Leaf Extract
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Abstract
Homalanthus macradenius is endemic to the Philippines and is one of the seven species of the genus utilised to treat various health problems in traditional medicine. This study was undertaken to evaluate the safety of H. macradenius leaf ethanolic extract through acute oral toxicity in Swiss albino mice per Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines 423; determine the phytochemical constituents through High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography; quantify the total phenolic and flavonoid content; and to assess its bioactivities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory potentials. Acute oral toxicity of H. macradenius ethanolic extract at 300 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg, and 5000 mg/kg revealed no mortality. The HPTLC chromatogram displayed different colours of bands ranging from blue, purple, yellow, green, and orange with an Rf value of 0.10 to 0.81, which indicates the presence of different phytochemical constituents of the plant ethanolic extract. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 8.07±0.01 mg GAE/g and 33.86±0.03 mg QE/g, respectively. Antioxidant activity was found to be 15.68±0.02 mg AAE/g. The extract exhibited antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 1.562±0.09 mg/mL, 12.5±0.15 mg/mL and 25±0.03 mg/mL, respectively. The percent in vitro COX-2 inhibitory activity showed 92.30±0.73% at 100 ppm and 60.51±4.02 % at 10 ppm with a selectivity ratio (COX-2/COX-1) of at most 1.07. Based on the findings, H. macradenius extract did not show oral toxicity in mice and possessed antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities, revealing its potential for future drug development.
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