Revealing the Potential of New Immunomodulatory Agents from Katokkon Pepper as a Native Toraja Plant
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Abstract
Plant bioprospecting aims to find bioactive chemicals that can be employed in various aspects of human life, including food, and medicine. The chili plant has great economic value because it is not only useful as a food ingredient but also as a medicine. Indonesia has many native chilies such as Katokkon pepper with great potential for food, and with high economic value. Katokkon pepper from Toraja have not been widely researched. This study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds in Katokkon pepper with potential immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities through in-silico studies. The methods used were bioactive compounds data mining, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR), drug similarity analysis, target protein prediction, gene ontology annotation, and network pharmacology. The results revealed that rutin, ascorbic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, beta-carotene, and capsanthin were among the ten bioactive compounds found in Katokkon pepper that were predicted to have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. These chemicals can modulate the expression and activities of various proteins involved in immunomodulation, inflammation, and apoptosis, including BAX, BCL2, CASP3, CAT, IKBKB, IL1B, IL6, MAPK1, MAPK3, NFE2L2, NFKBIA, PPARA, PPARB/PPARD, PPARG, PTGS2, RELA, RUNX2, SOD1, TNF, and TP53. These findings serve as critical preliminary data for further exploration of bioactive compounds from chili peppers to support human health and the food industry.
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