Assessment of Heavy Metals Content in Edible Vegetable of Kangkung (Ipomaea) Grown on Tondano Sediments-Based Fly Ash Bottom Ash (FABA) Mixtures
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The absence of heavy metals in edible vegetable is necessary for their safe consumption. The present study aims to assess the heavy metals content in the edible vegetable Kangkung grown on Tondano Sediments-based fly ash bottom ash (FABA) mixtures. The research was conducted by both purposive sampling method for the sediment, water hyacinth, and FABA samples, and complete randomized design for Kangkung planting in five treatments (A: sediment, B: FABA, C: sediment:FABA (25:75), D: sediment:FABA (50:50), and E: sediment:FABA (75:25)) in three replicates totaling 15 experimental pot samples. Water hyacinth was used as green fertilizer in treatments C – E. Sediment, FABA, and green fertilizer of water hyacinth were analyzed for plant nutrients (N, P, and K), pH, organic carbon, and texture. The effect of the treatments on the growth of Kangkung was assessed by observing the plant height, number of leaves, and plant fresh weight up to six weeks after planting. The heavy metals contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Results showed that the treatments did not significantly affect the growth of Kangkung except for treatment B (FABA) which significantly affected plant height at weeks 2 and 5. Heavy metal analysis detected arsenic, cadmium, and chromium in Kangkung after harvest, although in quantities below the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) limits. These findings suggest that sediments-based FABA mixtures may play a role in heavy metal absorption by Kangkung, the concentrations of these metals are not sufficient to affect the safe consumption of this vegetable.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Moruf RO and Akinjogunla VF. Concentration of heavy metals in sediment of two interconnecting brackish/freshwater lagoons and the bioaccumulation in the crustacean, Farfantepenaeus notialis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967). J Fish Environ. 2019; 43(3):55-62.
Authman MM, Zaki MS, Khallaf EA, Abbas HH. Use of fish as bio-indicator of the effects of heavy metals pollution. J Aqua Res Dev. 2015; 6(4):1-13.
Liu WX, Wang Y, He W, Qin N, Kong XZ, He QS, Yang B, Yang C, Jiang YJ, Jorgensen SE, Xu FL. Aquatic biota as potential biological indicators of the contamination, bioaccumulation and health risks caused by organochlorine pesticides in a large, shallow Chinese lake (Lake Chaohu). Ecol Indic. 2016; 60(1):335-345.
Sinolungan MTM, Nangoy R, Kumolontang, WJN. Application of Lake Tondano sediment as plant media for pakcoy growth, Final Report. Best Applied Research of Sam Ratulangi Univ. 2016; LPPM Unsrat. Manado (unpublished).
Sayow F, Polii BJ, Sinolungan MTM. Analyses of the heavy metal contents of Hg, Pb, And Cu in water, sediment and water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) plants in Lake Tondano. J Agroekoteknol Terapan, 2024; 5(1):156–167.
Sembel DT. Environmental toxicology effect by pollutions of various chemicals in daily activities. Andi Publisher. Yogyakarta. 2015.
Moruf RO, Abubakar MI, Obiakara-Amaechi AI, Sani IM, Akpan II. Metal Content and Oxidative Stress Enzymes in Aquatic Crab, Goniopsis cruentata (Latreille, 1802) from Tropical Creeks Adjacent Western Axis of the Lagos Lagoon, Original Research Article. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2022; 6(1):161-166.
Ejeh SA, Abu HA, Onyeyili PA, Abenga JN, Ogbe RJ, Abalaka SE. Phytochemical, Metal Analysis, and in-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach and Thonn) Mȕll Arg (Euphorbiaceae). Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2023; 7(9):4070-4075.
Hago S, Lu T, Abdelgair AA, Yassain S, Ahmed EM, Xu H. Phytochemical Constituents and in-vitro Anticancer Activity of some Medicinal Plant Extracts against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-435 Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2023; 7(3):2506-2515.
Zwolak A, Sarzyńska M, Szpyrka E, Stawarczyk K. Sources of soil pollution by heavy metals and their accumulation in vegetables: a Review. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2019; 230:164.
Tóth G, Hermann T, Da Silva MR, Montanarella L. Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the European Union with implications for food safety. Environ Int. 2016; 88:299–309.
Delcarte J, Gossiaux L, Evlard A. Valorization energetique du bois produit ώ des fins de phytoremediation. Renaturation des Berges de cours deau et phytoremediation, 2013; 107-119.
Sinolungan MTM, Soeroto B, Kondo F, Koumoto T. The geochemical characteristics of sediment in Tondano Lake, Indonesia: Heavy metals and organic matter contents, and grain size distribution. J Paddy Water Environ. 2008; 6:341-348.
Sinolungan MTM, Rondonuwu J. Given response of water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) green fertilizer in Lake Tondano sediment of North Sulawesi indicated by seasonal plant (pot experiment), Final Report. Fund of DRPM-Dikti, 2017. Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture (unpublished).
Sinolungan MTM, Kumolontang WJN, and Titah, T. Application of technology products of Lake Tondano sediment and organic manures (green manure and compost of water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), and poultry manure) toward the growth and yields of nut plants. Int J ChemTech Res. 2019; 12(1):249-257.
Sinolungan MTM, Titah T, Paulus JJH. Sediment quality analyses toward characteristics of water environment from outlet of Lake Tondano to Manado Bay, Final Report. Best Applied Research of Sam Ratulangi Univ. 2020; LPPM Unsrat. Manado (unpublished).
Haryanti NH. Test of fly ash of PLTU Asam Asam as manufacturing material of Hebel. J Physics FLUX, 2014; 11(2):129-139.
Sinolungan MTM, Tamod ZE, Kumolontang WJN. Application of Lake Tondano sediment based fly ash bottom ash (FABA) and organic fertilizer of water hyacinth to Kangkung plant (Ipomoea Aquatica F.), Final Report. Best Applied Research of Sam Ratulangi Univ. 2023; LPPM Unsrat. Manado (unpublished).
Ahmad A, Rahman, Hidayat. Study of heavy metals of plumbum (Pb) in the sediment and water of Jeneberang River of Makassar City of 2020. Window of Pub Health J. 2021; 2(5):844-851.
Arabia T, Zainabun, Royani I. Saline soil characteristics of Krueng Raya of Mesjid Raya sub district of Aceh Besar regency. J Manag Land Resourc. 2012; 1(1):32-42.
Bot A and Benites J. The importance of soil organic matter, key to drought-resistant soil and sustained food production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2005.
Sharma SK. Effect of fly ash addition on soil properties and crop productivity. Germany. Lambert Academic Publishing AG & Co, KG and Licensors. 2009.
Badan Standarisasi Nasional (BSN), National Standard of Indonesia. Maximum levels for metals pollution in food. National Standardization Board, Jakarta. 2009.
Ghosh M and Singh SP. A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its byproducts, biomass and waste management laboratory. School of Energy and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, India. 2005. (Online) http://www.ecology.kee.hu/pdf/0301_001018.pdf.
Kohar I, Poppy HH, Imelda IL. Study of lead metals (Pb) in Kangkung plant in age of 3 and 6 weeks which planted in media contained Pb. J Makara Sains, 2005; 9(2): 56-60.