Nephroprotective Effects of Balanites aegyptiaca (l.) delile Stem-Bark Extract and Fractions against Diclofenac-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i7.23
Main Article Content
Abstract
Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) is a medicinal plant locally used in Northern Nigeria against kidney-related diseases, but no scientific proof yet. The study evaluated the nephroprotective effects of B. aegyptiaca stem-bark extract and fractions. Wistar rats were divided into six (6) groups of six animals each as follows: normal control, induced control, Silymarin (positive control, 100 mg/kg) and B. aegyptiaca extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg). Nephrotoxicity was induced in all groups except normal control by oral administration of Diclofenac sodium (15 mg/kg/day, p.o). Treatments were administered orally concomitantly with Diclofenac sodium for 15 days. On the 16th day, Wistar rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for the estimation of serum levels of creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin, malondialdehyde (MDA), Catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. N-hexane, ethyl acetate and n - butanol fractions were also tested alongside the extract at 250 and 500 mg/kg. Kidneys were harvested for histopathological analysis. N- Butanol fraction at 500 mg/kg significantly (p˂0.05) decreased the elevated serum levels of MDA, urea and creatinine and significantly (p˂0.05) increased the serum levels of albumin, SOD, CAT and reduced GSH. Ethyl acetate fraction (250 mg/kg) also caused significant changes on the altered serum levels of creatinine, urea, total protein and albumin and oxidative stress biomarkers. Histopathological analysis showed that 15 mg/kg Diclofenac sodium caused nephrotoxicity while the extract and fractions ameliorated the nephrotoxic effects. From this study, stem-bark extract and fractions of B. aegyptiaca were protective against Diclofenac induced nephrotoxicity.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Luyckx VA and Stanifer JW. The global burden of kidney disease and the sustainable development goals. Bull World Organ. 2018; 96:414-422.
Stanifer JW, Jing B, Tolan S, Helmke N, Mukerjee R, Naicker S, Patel U. The epidemiology of chronic kidney disease insubSaharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Glob Health. 2014; 2(3):e174-e181.
Ogah OS, Anyabolu EN, Ohagwu KA, Chukwuebuka E. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Nigeria: systematic review of population-based studies. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis.2018; 11:165-172.
Azab AE, Albasha MO, Elsayed ASI. Prevention of nephropathy by some natural sources of antioxidants. Yangtze Med. 2017; 01(04):235-266.
Bickley LK, Aerle R, Van Brown AR, Hargreaves A, Huby R, Cammack V, Tyler CR. Bioavailability and Kidney Responses to diclofenac in the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas). Environ Sci Technol. 2017; 51:1764-1774.
Sivaraji R and Umarani S. Diclofenac-induced biochemical changes in nephrotoxicity among male Albino rats. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2018; 7(4):640-643.
Dixit M, Dooan T, Kirschner R, Dixit N. Significant acute kidney injury due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: impatient setting. Pharm. 2010; 3(4):1279-1285.
Yadav N, Sharma S, Sharma S, Sharma KP. Critical analysis of protective role of plants against gentamycin induced nephrotoxicity. Indian J Environ Sci. 2017; 21(1):1-34.
Ene-iordache B, Perico N, Bikbov B, Carminati S, Remuzzi A, Perna A, Bravo RF. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk in six regions of the world (ISN-KDDC): a cross-sectional study. Lancet Glob Health. 2016; 4(5):e307-e319.
Ugwah OM, Ugwah-Oguejiofor CJ, Etuk EU. Evaluation of acute and chronic toxicities of aqueous stem bark of balanites aegyptiaca. Afr J Pharm Res Dev. 2016; 8(2):93-99.
Yadav J and Panghal M. Balanites aegyptiaca (L). Del.(Hingot): A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties. Int J Green Pharm. 2010; 4(3):140.
Nworu CS, Ejikeme TI, Ezike AC, Ndu O, Akunne TC, Onyeto CA, Okpalanduka P, Akah PA. Anti-plasmodial and antiinflammatory activities of cyclotide rich extract and fractions of Oldenlandia affinis(R & S) D.C (Rubicaecea). Afr Health Sci. 2017; 17(3):827-843.
Ihekwereme CP, Aniezue CM, Erhirhie EO, Okafor UG. Preliminary evaluation of the anti-emetic activity of crude methanol extract and fractions of Ocimum grassimum. JDev Drugs. 2016; 5:149.
Erhirhie EO, Ihekwereme CP, Ilodigwe EE. Advances in Acute Toxicity Testing: Strengths, Weakness and Regulatory acceptance. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2018; 11:5-12.
Trease GE and Evans WC. Pharmacognosy. 11th.ed. London: Bailliere Tindall; 1989; 45-50p.
Patrick-Iwuanyanwu K, Amadi U, Charles I, Ayalogu EO. Evaluation of acute and subchronic oral toxicity study of barker cleansers- a polyherbal dru on experimental rats. EXCLI J. 2012; 11:632-640.
Manisha RL, Riyaz SB, Satyanarayana NSK, Nadeem SK, Vidhyadhararao B, Vijaykuinmar J, Venkatteswara RI, Sadhik SK. Evaluation of anxiolytic activity of flower extracts ofTagets erecta Linn (Asteraceae) in rats. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2013; 3(12):075-082.
El-ashmawy IM. Hepato-renal and hematological effects of diclofenac sodium in rats. Glob J Pharmacol. 2013; 7(2):123-132.
Ceci R, Beltran VMR, Duranti G, Dimauro I, Quaranta F, Pittaluga M, Caporossi D. Oxidative stress responses to a graded maximal exercise test in older adults following explosive-type resistance training. Redox Biol. 2014; 2(1):65-72.
Kumar H, Kumar A, Kumar P. A test strip for the estimation of urea in serum. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2000; 15(12):124-127.
Kumar D and Banerjee D. Methods of albumin estimation in clinical biochemistry: past, present and future. Clin Chim Acta. 2017; 469:150-160.
Okutucu B, Dincer A, Habib O, Zihnioglu F. Comparisom of five methods for determination of total protein concentration. J Biochem Biophys Methods. 2007; 70(5):709-11.
Aydin I. Comparison of two methods for malondialdehyde Measurement. J Clin Anal Med. 2011; 5:10-14.
Sinha KA. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Chemistry. 1972; 47:389-394.
Assady M, Farahnak A, Esharghian MR. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity assay in Fasciola spp. Parasites and liver tissue extract. Iran J Parasitol. 2011; 5(4):145-149.
Moretti DB, Nordi WM, Cruz TMP, Machado-neto R. Catalase, Superoide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity in the gut of juvenile Pacu Piaracticus mesopotamicus and dourado Salminus brasiliensis fed bovine first milk secretion. Lat Am J Aquat Res. 2017; 1(2):1-9.
Chinnappan SM, George A, Thaggikuppe P, Choudhary VK, Ramani Y, Dewangan R. Nephroprotective effect of herbal extract Eurycoma longifolia on paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Evid-Based Compl Altern Med 2019; 2019:6.
Farrid AS and Mohamed-Assem AM. Protective effects of Balanites aegyptiaca extracts, melatonin and ursodeoxycholic acid against heptotpxicity induced by methotrexate in male rats. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2017; 10(6):557-567.
Ibrahim EE. Phytochemical, antioxidant and cytotoxicity of methanolic extract of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile. Pharmacie Global. 2016; 7(01):1-4.
Venugopala RK, Ruckmani AM, Eerike RR, Lakshmipathy PR, Vinayak M, Sobita D. Nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Azima tetracantha root in glycerol-induced acute renal failure in Wistar albino rats. J Trad Compl Med. 2016; 6:347-354.
Mandal S, Patra A, Pradhan S, Samanta A, Chattapadhyay A, Nandi DK. Nephroprotective activity of isolated methanol fractions phyto-compound from bark of Terminalia arjuna. Annu Res Rev. 2017; 9(12):175.
Efrati S, Berman S, Siman-Tov Y, Lotan R, Averbukh Z, Weissgarten J, Golik A. N-acetylcysteine attenuates NSAIDinduced rat renal failure by restoring intrarenal prostaglandin synthesis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007; 22(7):1873-1881.
Solomon EO and Uche JD. Biochemical alterations in diclofenac treated rats: Effects of selenium on oxidative stress, inflammation and hematological changes. Toxicol Res Applic.2019; 3:1-10.
Mostafa RE, Saleh DO, Mansour DF. Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in Rats. Modulatory role of Simvastatin and rosuvastatin against apoptosis and inflammation. J Appl Pharm Res. 2018; 8(4):43-50.
Nørregaard R, Kwon TH, Frøkiǣr J. Physiology and pathophysiology of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostatglandin E2 in the kidney. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2015; 34(4):194-200.
Fattori V, Borghi SM, Guazelli CFS, Giroldo AC, Crespigio J, Bussmann AJC, Verri, WA. Vinpocetine reduces diclofenacinduced acute kidney injury through inhibition of oxidative stress, apoptosis, cytokine production, and NF-Ƙb activation in mice. Pharmacol Res. 2017; 120:10-22.
Jevas CO. The role of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in oxidative stress. Int J Res Pharm Biosci. 2016; 3(6):1-8.
Gupta S and Kanwar SS. Phyto-molecules for kidney stones treatment and management. Biochem Anal Biochem. 2018; 7:362.
Abou-Kahalil NS, Abou-Elhamd AS, Wasfy SIA, El-Mileegy IMH, Hamed MY, Ageely, HM. Antidiabetic and antioxidant impacts of desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) and Parsley (Petroselinum sativum) aqueous extracts: Lessons from Experimental Rats. J Diabetes Res. 2016; 10:1-10.
Supriya CS and Shivalinge GKP. Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits in experimentally induced hepatic damage in rats. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2017; 6(11):1271-1288.
Samreen P, Muhammed S, Haroon K, Muhammed S, Irfan U. Nephroprotective effects of Berberis baluchistanica against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2018; 12:222-230.
Naughton CA. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Am Fam Physician. 2008; 78(6):743-750.
Petal PK, Patel MA, Saralai M, Gandhi T. Antiurolithiatic effects of Solanum xanthocarpum fruit extract in ethylene glycol-induced nephrolithiasis in rats. J Young Pharma. 2012; 4:164-170.
Mariangela M, Filamena C, Fabrizio A, Giancarlo AS. Effects of saponins on lipids metabolism. A Review of potential health benefits in the treatment of obesity. Molecules. 2016; 27:1404.
Ayala A, Munoz MF, Arguelles S. Lipid peroxidation: Production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014; 1-31.
Seperoni E, Cerellati R, Innocent G, Costa S, Guera MC, Acqua S. Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antioxidant activities
of Balanites aegyptica (L.) Delile. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 98:117-25.
Shreash O, Balaji V, Amani K, Eglal M, Bassem S, Mohanraj R. Plant derived agents for counteracting cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016; 27:1-27.
Zhinang Y, Zengenni L, Jine Y, Xianojun C, Rongfang LI, Wu JW, Zhiliang S. Protective effects of Koumine, an alkaloid from Gelsmium sempervirens on Injury induced by H2O2 in IPEC-J2cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20:754.
Mohan VR, Mayba GS, Parthipan B, Kingston C, Tresina PS. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Against CCl4 –induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2011; 2(4):887-892.
Baravalia Y, Vaghasiya Y, Chanda S. Hepatoprotective effect of Woodfordia fruiticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenac sodiuminduced liver toxicity in rats. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011; 4(5):342-346.
Elshama S, Abdalla ME, Mohamed AM. Role of natural antioxidants in treatment of toxicity. J Toxicol Anal. 2018; 1(1):3-7.
Hassan LEA, Dahham SS, Saghir SAM, Mohammed AMA, Eltayeb NM, Majid AMSA, Majid ASA. Chemotherapeutic potentials of the stem bark of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile: An antiangiogenic, antitumor and antioxidant agent. BMC Compl Altern Med. 2016; 16(1):1-13.
Bazzi, CC, Petrini V, Rizza V. Urinary N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase excretion in a marker of tubular cell dysfunction and a prediction of outcome in primary glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012; 17:1890-1896.
Liu H, Gu LB, Tu Y, Huang YR, Sun W. Emodin ameliorates cisplatin-induced apoptosis of rat renal tubular cells in vitro by activating autophage. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2018; 32(2):235-245.
Gad SB and El-Maddaway ZK. Hepato-renal protection of silymarin in comparison with vitamin E in rats. Glob J Pharmacol. 2012; 6(3):234-244.
Vargas F, Paola R, Ana IG, Rosemary W, Pablo VT, Doleres P, Noemi MA, Joaquin GE. Flavonoids in kidney health and tissue disease. Front Physiol. 2018; 9:394.
Didem TC, Faruk S, Cansu O, Fulya D, Suyacak AH, Hassan VG, Irfan D, Cengiz B. Impart of tannic acid on blood presuure, oxidative stress and urinsry parameters in L-NNA-induced hypertensive rats. Cytotechnol. 2015; 67:97-105.