Antioxidative and Free Radical Scavenging Properties of Ethyl Acetate Fractions of Persea americana Seed and Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i8.26
Main Article Content
Abstract
Persea americana and Bryophyllum pinnatum are important plants with age-long application in traditional medicine for the management of varieties of ailments. The seed of P. americana is a byproduct and the leaf of B. pinnatum constituting weed in some locality could be harnessed for marketable antioxidant potentials. The present study aims to assess the antioxidative and free radical scavenging potential of ethyl acetate fractions of Persea americana seed and Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf. This was determined using the effect of the plant fractions on hydroxyl, nitric oxide, and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reducing power assay and inhibition of H2O2-induced lipid peroxidation in rat stomach homogenates were assessed using standard methods. The extracts exhibited stronger DPPH radicals scavenging effect than tannic acid with threshold inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 53.10 ± 2.66, 65.59 ± 3.28, and 2039.49 ± 163.16 µg/mL for P. americana, B. pinnatum, and tannic acid respectively. The ethyl acetate fractions exhibited strong hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals scavenging ability in vitro, with IC50 values of 370.37 ± 14.81, 107.45 ± 5.37, 623.96 ± 31.20 µg/mL and 377.26 ± 18.86, 691.48 ± 48.40,105.86 ± 6.35 µg/mL for P. americana, B. pinnatum, and catechin respectively. Furthermore, the B. pinnatum leaf fraction was found to be highly effective in the inhibition of H2O2-induced lipid peroxidation in rat stomach homogenates. The present study showed that the ethyl acetate fractions of P. americana seed and B. pinnatum leaf possess potent antioxidant properties evidenced in their radical scavenging ability.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Chen SL, Yu H, Luo H, M., Wu Q. Li C F, Steinmetz A. Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants:
problems, progress, and prospects. Chin Med. 2016; 11(7):1-10
Hussein RA and El-Anssary AA. Plants Secondary Metabolites: The Key Drivers of the Pharmacological
Actions of Medicinal Plants, Herbal Medicine, Philip F. Builders, IntechOpen, November 5th 2018; DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76139. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/herbal-medicine/plantssecondary-metabolites-the-key-drivers-of-the pharmacological-actions-of-medicinal-plants
Biller JD and Takahashi LS. Oxidative stress and fish immune system: phagocytosis and leukocyte respiratory burst activity. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2018; 90(4):3403-3414.
Lu J, Wang Z, Cao J, Chen Y, Dong Y. A novel and compact review on the role of oxidative stress in female
reproduction. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018; 16(1):80-97.
Nita M and Grzybowski A. The role of the reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in the pathomechanism of the age-related ocular diseases and other pathologies of the anterior and posterior eye segments in adults. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016; 2016(12):1-23.
Singh A, Kukreti R, Saso L, Kukreti S. Oxidative Stress: A Key Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules. 2019; 24(8):1583-1602.
Sokpe A. Mensah M, Koffuor G. Thomford KP, Arthur R. Jibira Y. Baah M. Adedi B. Agbemenyah H. Hypotensive and Antihypertensive Properties and Safety for Use of Annona muricata and Persea americana and Their Combination Products. Evid Comp Altern Med. 2020; 2020(6):1-13.
Lu Q, Arteaga J., Zhang Q. Inhibition of prostrate cancer growth by an Avocado extracts. Nutr Biochem. 2005; 16(1):23-30.
Makelele F, Mukweke N, Hamuli M, Kadima J, Bwironde F, Chasinge T, Murhula H. Antiulcer effect of
Perseaamericana seed against alcohol-induced peptic ulcer in guinea pig. J Pharm Phytochem. 2020; 9(4):1244-1249.
Alkhalaf MI, Alansari WS, Ibrahim EA, ELhalwagy MEA. Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of avocado (Persea americana) fruit and seed extract. J King Saud Univ. 2019; 31(4):1358-1362.
Ojewole JA and Amabeoku GJ. Anticonvulsant effect of Perseaamericana Mill. (Avocado) leaves aqueous extract in mice. Phytother Res. 2006; 20(8):696-700.
Pineda-Lozano JE, Martínez-Moreno AG, Virgen-Carrillo CA. The Effects of Avocado Waste and Its Functional Compounds in Animal Models on Dyslipidemia Parameters. Front Nutri. 2021;8(2):1-8.
Vo TS, Le U, Ngô HD. Free radical scavenging and antiproliferative activities of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) seed extract. As Pac J Trop Biomed. 2019; 9(3):91-97.
Jain VC, Patel NM, Shah DP, Patel PK. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Bryophyllumcalycinumsalisb leaf. Pharmacol online. 2010; 1(1):393-405.
Plangger N, Rist L, Zimmermann R, von Mandach U. Intravenous tocolysis with Bryophyllumpinnatumis better tolerated than beta agonist application. Euro J Obstet Gynecol Repro Biol. 2006; 124(2):168-172.
Ghasi SE, Achukwu PU, Onyeanusi J. Assessment of the medical benefit in the folkloric use of BryophyllumPinnatum leaves among the Igbos of Nigeria for the treatment of hypertension. Afri J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011; 5(1):83-92.
Júlia MF, Lorena MC, Eduardo PA, Estela MGL, Matheus F. Fernandes-Pedrosa, SM. Kalanchoelaciniata and
Bryophyllum pinnatum: an updated review about ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and
toxicology. Revista de Farmacog. 2019; 29(4):529-558.
Fürer K, Simões-Wüst AP, von Mandach U, Hamburger M, Potterat O. Bryophyllum pinnatum and Related Species Used in Anthroposophic Medicine: Constituents, Pharmacological Activities, and Clinical Efficacy. Planta Med. 2016; 82(11-12):930-41.
Latif AA, Kanwal Q, Mehwish A, Sana A, Ejaz, AI. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of the
medicinal herb: bryophyllum pinnatum. J Anim Plant Sci. 2019; 29(6):1528-1534.
Okwu DE. Nigerian medicinal plants 11. Med Arom Plant Sci Biotech. 2007; 1(1):97-102.
Yadav NP and Dixit VK. Hepatoprotective activity of leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 86(2-3):197-202.
Andrade AWL, Guerra GCB, de Souza Araújo DF, de AraújoJúnior RF, de Araújo AA, de Carvalho TG,
Fernandes JM, Diez-Echave P, Hidalgo-García L, Rodriguez-Cabezas ME, Gálvez J, Zucolotto SM. Anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lamarck) leaf extract in experimental colitis models in rodents. Front Pharmacol. 2020; 11(7):1-18.
Emenike BA, Emmanuel CO, Obiora CU, Valentine ON, Chioma AA, Petra ON, Okwesili FCN. Ulcer-protective property of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract and their phytosomal formulations. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2020; (12):1201-1207.
Gupta S, Adak S, Rajak RC, Banerjee R. In-vitro efficacy of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extracts as potent
therapeutics. Prep. Biochem Biotech. 2015; 46 (5): 489-494
Odangowei IO, Esie GN, Dike OG. Phytochemical, proximate and mineral compositions of Bryophyllum
pinnatum (Never die) medicinal plant. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2019; 8(1):629-635.
Asiwe ES, Igwe CU, Onwuliri VA, Iheanacho KME, Iheanacho JN. Characterization of Chemical Composition
of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf Ethyl acetate fraction. As J Advan Res Rep. 2021; 15 (4):15-24.
Babatunde JO. Fatty acid compositions of ether extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam., Ficus exasperataVahl., Gossypium herbaceum Linn. And Hilleria latifolia (Lam.) H. Walt. Rev Colomb CiencQuím Farm. 2020; 49(1):171-182.
Onwuliri VA and Anekwe GE. Identification of the presence of prostaglandins A and E in the stem of
Bryophyllumpinnatum (Lim) using chromatographic and infra-red methods. W Afr J Pharmacol Drug Res. 1997; 13(1997):45-49.
Marcocci I, Marguire JJ, Droy – lefaiz MT, Packer L. The nitric oxide scavenging properties Ginkgo biloba extract. Biochem Biophy Res Comm. 1994; 201(2):748-755.
Alisi CS and Onyeze GOC. Nitric oxide scavenging ability of ethyl acetate fraction of methanol leaves extracts of chromolaena odorata (Linn.). Afr J Biochem Res. 2008; 7(2):145-150.
Hillwell B. Free radicals, antioxidants and human disease: curiosity, cause or constipation? Lancet. 1994; 344 (8924):721-4.
Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal
Biochem. 1979; 95(2):351-358.
Liu J, Edamatsu R, Kabuto H, Mori A. Antioxidant action of Guilingji in the brain of rats with FeCl3 induced epilepsy. Free Rad. Biol Med. 1990; 9(5):451-454.
Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature. 1958; 29(1958):1199-1200.
Velazquez E, Tournier HA, Mordujovich de Buschiazzo P, Saavedr G, Chinella, GR. Antioxidant activity of
Paraguayan plant extracts. Fitoterapia. 2003; 74(1-2):91-97.
Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reaction prepared from glucoseamine. Jap J Nutr. 1986; 44(6):307-315.
Hsu B, Coupar IM, Ng K. Antioxidant activity of hot water extract from the fruit of the Doum palm, Hyphaenethebaica. Food Chem. 2006; 98(2):317-328.
Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitative of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: Specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal Biochem. 1999; 269(2):337-341.
Rao M, Ahmad B, Mohd K. In vitro nitric oxide scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities of different solvent extracts of various parts of musa paradisiaca. Mal J Anal Sci. 2016; 20(5):1191-1202.
Piacenza L, Trujillo M, Radi R. Reactive species and pathogen antioxidant networks during phagocytosis. J Exp Med. 2019; 216(3):501-516.
Castillo EC, Vázquez-Garza E, Yee-Trejo D, García-Rivas G, Torre-Amione G. What Is the Role of the Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Heart Failure?.Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020; 22(11):139.
Zhazykbayeva S, Pabel S, Mügge A, Sossalla S, Hamdani N. The molecular mechanisms associated with the
physiological responses to inflammation and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. Biophys Rev. 2020;
(4):947-968.
Pérez-Torres I, Manzano-Pech L, Rubio-Ruíz ME, Soto ME, Guarner-Lans V. Nitrosative Stress and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Disorders. Molecules. 2020; 25(11):1-24.
Carr A, McCall MR, Frei B. Oxidation of LDL by myeloperoxidase and reactive nitrogen species-reaction
pathways and antioxidant protection. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20(7):1716-1723.
Asiwe ES, Alisi CS, Ene CA, Alisi PN. Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Properties of Aqueous Extract of Psidiumguajava Leaf. FUTOJNLS, 2018; 4(1):222-234.
Borquaye LS, Larye MK, Gasu EN, Boateng MA, Baffour PK, Kyeremateng A, Doh G. Anti-inflammatory and
antioxidant activities of extracts of Reissantiaindica, Cissuscornifolia, and Grosseriavignei, Cogent Biol. 2020;
(1):1-12.
Jagetia SC, Rosk MS. Babu K. Evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of certain herbal formulation in vitro. Phyto Res. 2004; 18(7):561-565.
Alisi CS, Asiwe ES, Emejulu AA, Ene AC, Nwoguikpe RN. Neuroprotective and free radicals scavenging potentials of some common leaves vegetables consumed in SouthEastern Nigeria. Ann. Res Rev Biol. 2014; 4(22):3345-3358.
Oktay M, Gulcin I, Kufrevioglu OI. Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts. Leb.-Wissen Technol. 2003; 36(2):263-271.
Balasundram N, Sundram K, Samman S. Phenolic compounds in plant and agri-industrial by-products:
antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses. Food Chem. 2006; 99(1):191-203.
Gutiérrez-Grijalva EP, Picos-Salas MA, Leyva-López N, Criollo-Mendoza MS, Vazquez-Olivo G, Heredia JB.
Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids from Oregano: Occurrence, Biological Activity and Health Benefits. Plants. 2017; 7(2):1-23.
Xiong YL and Guo A. Animal and Plant Protein Oxidation: Chemical and Functional Property Significance. Foods. 2020; 10(1):40-61.
Cao X, Yang L, Xue Q, Yao F, Sun J, Yang F, Liu Y. Antioxidant evaluation-guided chemical profiling and structure-activity analysis of leaf extracts from five trees in Broussonetia and Morus (Moraceae). Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1):4808-4822.
Huyut Z, Beydemir S, Gülçin I. Antioxidant and Antiradical Properties of Selected Flavonoids and Phenolic
Compounds. Biochem Res Inter. 2017; 2017(10):1-10.
Rohn S, Rawel HM, Kroll J. Antioxidant activity of proteinbound quercetin. J Agric Food Chem. 2004; 52(15):4725-4729.
Cherrak SA, Mokhtari-Soulimane N, Berroukeche F, Bensenane B, Cherbonnel A, Merzouk H, Elhabiri M. In
Vitro Antioxidant versus Metal Ion Chelating Properties of Flavonoids: A Structure-Activity Investigation. PloS one,2016; 11(10):e0165575.
Valko M, Jomova K, Rhodes CJ, Kuca K, Musílek K. Redox- and non-redox-metal-induced formation of free
radicals and their role in human disease. Arch Toxicol. 2016; 90(1):1-37.
Dillard CJ and German JB. Phytochemicals: nutraceuticals and human health. J Sci Food Agric. 2000; 80(12):1744-1756.