Contamination of Sudanese Banknotes with Acinetobacter radioresistens doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i8.17
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Abstract
Acinetobacter radioresistens is an environmental gram-negative species, ubiquitous in nature and resistant to radiation, desiccation and several antimicrobial agents. The bacterium is a potential human pathogen and has been detected in plants, soil, healthy individuals and patients. This study was carried out to detect the presence of A. radioresistens strains in the circulating Sudanese banknotes and to determine their sensitivity towards commonly used antimicrobial agents. The possible presence of Acinetobacter spp. in 130 used Sudanese banknotes, randomly collected from currency handlers in Khartoum state, in addition to 3 new control banknotes was investigated using various cultural techniques. Blood agar and MacConkey agar plates were used to recover and isolate bacteria from the banknotes. Biochemical tests such as oxidase, catalase, motility and fermentation tests were used to identify the A. radioresistens isolates and the multiple drug resistant isolates were further identified using a genotypic detection method, namely 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. Isolates recovered from different 10 banknotes were identified as Acinetobacter spp., and there was no contamination detected in the controls. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that some isolates were resistant to multiple drugs. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the most resistant isolate of A. radioresistens was deposited into NCBI GenBank with accession number MG203880. The results of the current study revealed that nearly 8% of the tested banknotes were contaminated with A. radioresistens. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing indicated the existence of multiple drug resistant isolates. Thus, appropriate measures should be taken to protect Sudanese currency holders.
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