Effects of the Combination of Caffeine, Nicotine, and 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on the Hippocampus of Experimental Wistar Rats
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Abstract
Caffeine, nicotine, and MDMA are generally referred to as psychoactive substances which contain chemical substances that change the function of the brain and result in alteration of mood, perception, consciousness, cognition, or behavior. These substances are both rewarding and positively reinforcing which indicates a potential for inducing addiction. The hippocampus is an important part of the brain whose primary function is learning and memory. This study aimed to investigate the impact of combining caffeine, nicotine, and MDMA on the hippocampus of Wistar rats. A total of 32 Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of eight animals. Group A served as the control and received normal saline (2 ml/kg.bw). Group B received a combination of caffeine (100 mg/kg) and nicotine (50 mg/kg), Group C received a combination of caffeine (100 mg/kg) and MDMA (10 mg/kg), and Group D received a combination of nicotine (50 mg/kg) and MDMA (10 mg/kg). The administration of substances continued for a duration of 21 days. The result showed that there was a significant increase in the level of neurotransmitters, Neuroarchitecture using different staining techniques and neurostructural changes were observed on the hippocampus, especially in the dentate gyrus across the co-administered groups. The co-administration of caffeine, nicotine, and MDMA did not cause any extensive hippocampal degeneration or localized neurodegeneration, however, there was an increase in the number of cells in the dentate gyrus which suggested a possible neurogenesis. Neurobehavioural analysis showed impairment in learning and memory.
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