Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Activity of Gnetum africanum (Gnatacae) Leaf Extracts doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v5i11.25
Main Article Content
Abstract
Antioxidants of plant origin reduce or inhibit oxidative stress-induced tissue damage in gastric ulcers. Plants’ edible and non-edible parts have been investigated as potential sources of natural antioxidants. The present study aims at investigating the antioxidant potentials of aqueous extracts of Irish potato tubers, Avocado pear seeds, and unripe pawpaw and plantain fruits used traditionally in ulcer treatment. In vitro anti-oxidative potential of the plants was assessed using their inhibitory effects on H2O2-induced lipid peroxidation, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radicals generation. The plants’ phenolic profile and total antioxidant capacity (TCA) were assessed using gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector and phosphomolybdenum method respectively. Total phenolic compounds content ranged from 598.80 µg/g in Irish potato through 171.44 µg/g and 123.11 µg/g in avocado pear and pawpaw respectively to 77.14 µg/g in the plantain. Irish potato (149 ± 13.02 mg AAE/g) and avocado pear (146.60 ± 4.53 mg AAE/g) had significantly (p<0.05) higher TCA than pawpaw (53.31 ± 7.16 mg AAE/g) and plantain (35.55 ± 3.13 mg AAE/g). Generally, Irish potato and avocado pear had the lowest values of 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) against OH free radicals and lipid peroxidation, while Irish potato and pawpaw had the lowest IC50 valuesagainst DPPH radical. Irish potato and avocado pear were observed to have highest phenolic compounds distribution and TCA values, which translated to their higher in vitro antioxidant potency. The observed rich TCA and phenolic contents, and high radical scavenging abilities showed that the plants possess potent antioxidant properties.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Bagatini M, Cardoso A, dos Santos A, Carvalho F. Immune System and Chronic Diseases. J Immunol Res. 2017; 2017:e428432
Anaissie EJ, Stratton SL, Dignani MC, Lee CK, Summerbell RC, Rex JH. Pathogenic molds (including Aspergillusspecies) in hospital water distribution systems: A 3-year prospective study and clinical implications for patients with hematologic malignancies. Blood. 2003; 101(7):2542-2546.
Dike IP, Obembe OO, Adebiyi FE. Ethnobotanical survey for potential anti-malarial plants in southwestern Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 144(3):618-626.
World Health Organization (WHO). Legal status of traditional medicine and complementary/alternative medicine: A worldwide review 2010; Available at:http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js2293e (Accessed March 30, 2020)
Kore JK, Shete RV, Kabra MP, Rachadiya RM, Rattal A. Immunomodulatory activity of Balaniterox burghi. J Pharm
Res Healthcare. 2010; 3(3):63-67.
Vallejo MJ, Salazar L, Grijalva M. Oxidative stress modulation and ROS-mediated toxicity in cancer; A review of in vitro models for plant derived compounds. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017; 2017:Article ID 4586068, 9 pages
Martel J, Ko YF, Ojcius DM, Lu CC, Chang CJ.Immunomodulatory Properties of Plants and Mushrooms. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017; 38(11):967-981.
Idowu TO, Ogundaini AO, AdesanyaSA, Onawunmi GO, Osungunna MO, Obuotor EM, Abegaz BM. Isolation and characterization of chemical constituents from Chrysophyllum albidium G Donchou stem bark extracts and their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Afr J Trad Compl Altern Med. 2016; 13(5):182-189.
Goyal SM, Prajapatic CP, Gore PR, Patil CR, Mahajan UB, SharmaC,Talla SP, Osha SK. Therapeutic potential and pharmaceutical development of thymoquinone. A multitargeted molecule of natural origin. Front Pharmacol.
; 8:656.
Ali F, Assanta MA, Robert C. Gnetum africanum: A Wild Food Plant from the African Forest with Many Nutritional and Medicinal Purposes. J Med Food. 2011; 14 (11):1289-1297
Iweala EE, Uhegbu FO, Obidoa O. Biochemical and histological changes associated with long term consumption of Gnetum africanum Welw. Leaves in Rats. Asian J Biochem. 2009; 4(4):125-132.
Smith PF. Uses of Nigerian leafy vegetables for diet modification: Sodium and Potassium. Niger J Nutr Sci. 1983; 4:21-27.
Burkill HM. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa: Families M-R. (2nded.). Michigan, Royal Botanic Gardens. 1994. 648 p.
Egeonu SU, Enyi-Idoh KH, Ikpeme EM, Iwu GC, Mandor B, Ofor UC. Anti-bacteria activity of Gnetum africanum and Heinsiagrinita on Diarrhoeagenic bacteria isolate from Childrenin Calabar South LGA, Cross River State. Indian J Sci Technol. 2013; 3(3):1857-1880.
Ilodibia CV, Ugwu RU, Nwokolo OL, Chukwuma MU, Akachukwu EE. Phytochemical Screening, Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf and Stem Extracts of Gnetum africanum Welw. Res J Med Plant. 2015; 9(6):275-283.
Eneh FU, Onwubiko CE, Ugochukwu GC. Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of Gnetum africanum leaf extracts. Int J Herbal Med. 2017; 5(3):105-107.
Moise M, Benjamin L, Etienne M, Thierry G, Dalida K, Doris T, Samy W. Intake of Gnetum africanum and Dacryodes edulis, Imbalance of Oxidant/Antioxidant Status and Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Central Africans. PLOS ONE. 2012; e49411.
Kongkachuichai R, Charoensiri R, Yakoh K, Kringkasemsee A, Insung P. Nutrients value and antioxidant content of indigenous vegetables from Southern Thailand. Food Chem. 2015; 173: 838–846.
Ufelle SA, Achukwu PU, Ikegwuonu IC, Ghasi S. Haematological effects of Gnetum africanum leaf extract in Wistar rats. Int J Ethnomed Pharmacogn. 2016; 3(1):14-19.
Ngbolua K, Mpiana PT, Akoundze JB, Mwanza FB, Tshibangu DS Ashande MC, Liesse JL, Kikuni T. Antisickling and Bacterial Inhibitory Effects of Two MedicinalFoods from Congo River Basin: Gnetum africanum Welw. (Gnetaceae) and Grewia coriacea Mast. (Malvaceae). Curr Trad Med. 2016; 2(1): 34-41.
Venkatalakshmi P, Vadivel V, BrindhaP.Role of phytochemicals as immunomodulatory agents: A review.Int J Green Pharm. 2016; 10:2.
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, ILAR. (2011). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory animals. Washington DC: NationalAcademy Press. Available from: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5140. (Accessed 20 September 2019).
Kardar MN and Seidel V. Isolation of Triterpenes from Peropolis(Blue Glue). Bio-Protoc. 2015; 5(20):1-12.
Lorke D. A New Approach to Practical Acute Toxicity Testing. Arch Toxicol. 1983; 55:275 -287.
Trease GE and Evans WC. Pharmacognosy. (15th Ed.). London, Saunder Publishers, 2000. 42-393 p.
Mensor LL, Menezes FS, Leitao GG Reis AS, dos Santos TC, Coube CS, LeitaoSG.Screening of Brazilian Plant Extracts for Antioxidant Activity by the Use of DPPH Free Radical Method. Phytother Res. 2001; 15(2):127-130.
Nworu CS, AKAh ,Esimone CO, Okoli CO .Immunomodulatory Activities of Kolaviron a mixture of three Related Biflavonoids of Garcina kola H. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2008; 30(2):317-332.
Okoye TC, Akah PA, Ezike AO, Uzor PF, Odoh UE, Igboeme SO, Onwuka UB, Okafor SN. Immunomodulatory effects of Stachytarpheta cayennensis mleaf extract and its synergistic effect with artesunate. BMC
Compl Altern Med. 2014; 14:376.
Nworu CS, Akah PA, Okoye FBC, Onwuakagba CI, Okorafor UO, Esimone CO. Supplementation with aqueous leaf extract of Morinda lucida enhances immunorestoration and upregulates the expression of cytokines and immunostimulatory markers. Immunol Investig. 2012;41(8):799-819.
Sianipar EA. The potential Indonesian traditional herbal medicine as immunomodulatory agents: A Review. Int J
Pharm Sci Res. 2021; 12(10):5229-5237.
Hosseinzade A, Sadeghi D, Biregani A, Soukhtehzari S, Brandt G, Esmaillzadeh A. Immunomodulatory effects of
flavonoids: Possible induction of T CD4+ regulatory cells through suppression of mTOR pathway signaling activity. Front Immunol. 2019; 10:51.
Yang W, Chen X, Li Y, Guo S, Wang Z, Yu X.Advances in pharmacological activities of Terpenoids. Nat Prod Commun. 2020; 13(3):1-13.
Nieman D and Mitmesser SH. Potential Impact of Nutrition on Immune System Recovery from Heavy Exertion: A
Metabolomics Perspective. Nutr J. 2017; 9(5):513.
Udeh NE, Anaga A, Asuzu IU. Acute and sub chronic oral toxicity studies on methanol leaf extract of Gnetum
africanum Welw in Wistar rats. Am J Res Med Sci. 2018; 3(1):7-14.
Akintola AO, Ayoola PB, Ibikunle GJ.Antioxidant activity of two Nigerian green leafy vegetables. J Pharm Biomed Sci. 2012; 14(15).pg 1-5.
Bamidele A, Bamidele AP, Nnate DA. Evaluation of antioxidant potentials of the methanolic leaf extracts of vegetable fruits and medicinal plants commonly consumed in Kaduna state, Nigeria. J Med Plants Stud. 2017; 5(1):388-393.
Nemanje Z, Mirko R, Mitra L, Viadimir Z. Physiology and pathology of cytokine:commercial production and medical
use, physiology and pathology of immunology, Nima Rezali. 2017. Available from: https://www.intechopen.co/chapters/57932.
Zahoor B, Jaaweed A, Ur Rehman N, AhmedT, Zainab, Esmaelipour K. Evaluation of cellular and humoral immune
responses of piroxicam in murine model. Ann Pharmacol Pharm. 2020; 5(3):1184.
Raziyeva K, Kim Y, Zharkinbekov Z, Kassymbek K, Jimi S, Saparov A. Immunology of acute and chronic wound healing. Biomols. 2021; 11:700.
Tay MZ, Wiehe K, Pollara J. Antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis in antiviral immune response. Front Immunol.
; 10:332.
Abd Rani NZ, Husain K, Kumolosasi E. Moringa Genus: A Review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9:1109.
Ilyas U, Katare DP, Naseef PP, Kuruniyan MS, ElayadethMeethal M, Aeri V. Immunomodulatory Activity of Phyllanthus maderaspatensis in LPS-Stimulated Mouse Macrophage RAW 264.7 Cells. Separations. 2021; 8(9):129.