Proanthocyanidin-Rich-Fraction of Vitis vinifera Seed Abrogates Convulsion Indices: Glutamatergic/ NMDA Inhibition, Enhancement of Anti-Neu N, and NRF2 Expression doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i6.23
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Abstract
Proanthocyanidins are oligomeric flavonoids with central nervous system activities. This study investigated the mechanisms of anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of proanthocyanidin-rich-fraction (PRF) obtained from Vitis vinifera seed. A total of 90 male Albino mice were challenged with convulsion using picrotoxin, strychnine, or pilocarpine-hydrochloride at 30th minutes of intraperitoneal injection of 0.9% NaCl (0.2 mL), PRF (200, 100, 50 mg/kg), reference drug, diazepam (7.5 mg/kg), ketamine (0.5 mg/kg), or haloperidol (5 mg/kg) post-treatment. Thereafter, the onset of convulsion and percentage mortality was recorded. The histomorphological and immunohistochemical (glial fibrillary acid protein [GFAP], neuronal nuclear protein [NeuN], and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 [NRF2) profiles of the hippocampus were analyzed. Besides marked delay in the onset of convulsion and percentage mortality in the PRF treatment, especially, there was attenuation in the hippocampal (CA 1) morphological aberrations due to picrotoxin, and pilocarpine-induced convulsion. The GFAP expression was inhibited in the PRF treatment groups. There was an increase in the intensity score of Anti-Neu N in the PRF treatment groups, while a decrease in expression of the hippocampal neurons was observed across the convulsed mice. The Nrf2 count was decreased due to convulsion but increased significantly in the PRF-treated mice. The delay in seizure onset reduced hippocampal impairment, and mortality due to the convulsion could be traceable to the inhibition of glutamatergic/NMDA transmission and enhancement of Anti-Neu N, and NRF2 expression.
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