Acute and Subacute Toxicity Study of Trigonella foenum-graecum.L Seed Extract in Wistar Rat http://www.doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v7i10.29
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Fenugreek (Trigonella-foenum-graecum.L) seeds are commonly utilized in cuisine as spices, in the traditional treatment and in the prevention of various troubles. This study attempts to assess the acute and subacute toxicity of its extract in wistar rats. In the acute toxicity, single oral administration of four doses (0,05 g, 0,3 g, 2 g and 5 g /kg.bw) to wistar rats was tested and to test subacute toxicity, quotidian oral administration of fenugreek seed extract at dosages of 1, 2 and 3 g/kg.bw was used for 28 days. The results of acute toxicity did not show any deaths and no indication of intoxication was observed in the rats for 14 days following receipt of the various doses of the extract. The subacute toxicity results demonstrated that repeated administration of the extract led to a significant weight gain (p<0.05) in treated rats in comparison to control rats. Treatment of rats with fenugreek seed extract did not cause any signs of intoxication and did not affect the hematological parameters of the rats compared to control rats (p>0.05). Gross examination revealed that the appearance of vital organs was not altered and histological examination revealed steatosis and an increase in the nuclei of hepatocytes in rats given a repeated dose of 3 g /kg of fenugreek seed extract. Fenugreek seeds extract is generally tolerated by rats even at high doses but more care should be taken at chronic use.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Nagulapalli Venkata K, Swaroop A, Bagchi D, Bishayee A. A small plant with big benefits: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.) for disease prevention and health promotion. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2017. 61:6 10.1002/mnfr.201600950
Khorshidian, N Khorshidian N, Mojtaba Y 1, Masoumeh A, Abolfazl A, Amir M. Fenugreek: Potential Applications as a Functional Food and Nutraceutical. Nutr. Food Sci. Res. 2016; 5–16.
Akbari S, Abdurahman N, Yunus R. Optimization of saponins, phenolics, and antioxidants extracted from fenugreek seeds using microwave-assisted extraction and response surface methodology as an optimizing tool. C. R. Chimie. 2019; 714–727.
Madhava Naidu M, Shyamala BN, Pura Naik J, Sulochanamma G, Srinivas P. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the husk and endosperm of fenugreek seeds. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2011; 451–456.
Acharya S, Srichamroen A, Basu S, Ooraikul B, Basu T. Improvement in the nutraceutical properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 2006; 1-9.
Chatterjee S., Variyar PS, Sharma A. Bioactive lipid constituents of fenugreek. Food Chem. 2010; 349–353.
Hinad I, S’hih Y, Elhessni A, Mesfioui A, Ouahidi ML. Medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of diabetes in Ksar Elkebir Region (North-Western Morocco). Pan Afr. Med. J. 2022.
Bahmani M, Shirzad H, Mirhosseini M, Mesripour A, Rafieian-Kopaei MA. Review on Ethnobotanical and Therapeutic Uses of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L). Evid.-based Complement. Altern. Med. 2016;53–62.
El Bairi K, Ouzir M, Agnieszka N, Khalki L, Anticancer potential of Trigonella foenum graecum: Cellular and molecular targets. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017; 479–491.
Subhapriya S, Gomathipriya P. Green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles by Trigonella foenum-graecum extract and its antimicrobial properties. Microb. Pathog. 2018; 215–220.
Cheurfa M, Allem R, Sadeer NB, Mahomoodally MF. In vivo hypocholesterolemic and anti-inflammatory effect of Aloysia triphylla (L’Hér.) Britton and Trigonella foenum-græcum L. seeds. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2021; 1-5.
Aswar U, Bodhankar SL, Mohan V, Thakurdesai PA. Effect of furostanol glycosides from ‘Trigonella foenum-graecum’’on the reproductive system of male albino rats: Furostanol glycosides of fenugreek on male rats. Phytother. Res. 2010;1482–1488.
Mehmood T. Attributes of bioactive compounds isolated from commercial brands of fenugreek (Trigonella foneum-graecum) in relation to organic solvent systems and their potential as antioxidants and biological activity. Pure Appl. Biol. 2017; 871-881.
Ouzir M, El Bairi K, Amzazi S. Toxicological properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum). Food Chem. Toxicol. 2016;145–154.
OECD. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. 2001; 14.
S’hih Y, Hinad I, Elgui R, Elhessni A, Mesfioui A, Loukili A and Ouahidi ML. Contribution to the study of the acute and subacute toxicity of aqueous extract of Lawsonia Inermis L. leaves in Wistar rats. Sciendo. 2023; 97–105.
Swaroop A, Bagchi M, Kumar P, Preuss HG, Tiwari K, Marone PA, and Bagchi D. Safety, efficacy and toxicological evaluation of a novel, patented anti-diabetic extract of ‘“Trigonella Foenum-Graecum”’ seed extract (Fenfuro). Toxicol. Mech. Methods. 2014; 495–503.
Kandhare AD, Bodhankar SL, Mohan V, Thakurdesai PA. Acute and repeated doses (28 days) oral toxicity study of glycosides based standardized fenugreek seed extract in laboratory mice. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2014; 323–334.
Dande P, Patil S. Evaluation of saponins from Trigonella foenum graecum seeds for its antifertility activity. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2012; 154-157.
Muralidhara K, Narasimhamurthy K., Viswanatha S, Ramesh BS. Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Assessment of Debitterized Fenugreek Powder in the Mouse and Rat. Food Chem Toxicol. 1999; 831–838.
Al-Ashban RM, Abou-Shaaban RR, Shah AH. Toxicity studies on Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds used in spices and as a traditional remedy for diabetes. Orient Pharm Exp Med. 2010; 66–78.
Awad E, Cerezuela R, Esteban MÁ. Effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) immune status and growth performance. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2015; 454–464.
Maheshwari A, Verma N, Swaroop A, Bagchi M, Preuss HG, Tiwari K, Bagchi D. Efficacy of Furosap TM, a novel Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract, in Enhancing Testosterone Level and Improving Sperm Profile in Male Volunteers. Int J. Med. Sci.2017; 58–66.
Park HJ, Lee KS, Lee EK, Park NC. Efficacy and Safety of a Mixed Extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum Seed and Lespedeza cuneata in the Treatment of Testosterone Deficiency Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. World J Mens Health. 2018; 230-238.
Nagamma T, Konuri A, Kumar MB, Udupa P, Rao G, Nayak Y. Prophylactic effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seed extract on inflammatory markers and histopathological changes in high-fat-fed ovariectomized rats. J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 2021.
Wankhede S, Mohan V, Thakurdesai P. Beneficial effects of fenugreek glycoside supplementation in male subjects during resistance training: A randomized controlled pilot study. J Sport Health Sci. 2016;176–182.
Ravi R, Joseph J. Effect of fenugreek on breast milk production and weight gain among Infants in the first week of life. Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health. 2020; 656–660.
Falodun A, Siraj R, Choudhary M. GC-MS Analysis of Insecticidal Leaf Essential Oil of Pyrenacantha Staudtii Hutch and Dalz (Icacinaceae). Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 2009, 139-143.
Okolie N, Falodun A, Davids O. Evaluation of The Antioxidant Activity of Root Extract of Pepper Fruit (Dennetia Tripetala), and it’s Potential for the Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2014; 221-227.
Khalki L, M’hamed SB, Bennis M, Chait A, Sokar Z. Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of the aqueous extract from Trigonella foenum-graecum L. in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010; 321–325.
Ahirwar D, Ahirwar B, Kharya MD. Evaluation of antifertility activity of Trigonella foenum graecum seeds. Der Pharmacia Sinica. 2010; 33-39.
Al-Yahya A. Reproductive, cytological and biochemical toxicity of fenugreek in male Swiss albino mice. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2013; 2072–2080.
Folwarczna J, Zych M, Nowińska B, Pytlik M, Janas A. Unfavorable effect of trigonelline, an alkaloid present in coffee and fenugreek, on bone mechanical properties in estrogen‐deficient rats. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2014; 1457–1464.
Khalki L, Ba M’hamed S, Sokar Z, Bennis M, Vinay L, Bras H, Viemari JC. Prenatal Exposure to Fenugreek Impairs Sensorimotor Development and the Operation of Spinal Cord Networks in mice. PLoS One. 2013.
Majumdar J., Chakraborty P, Mitra A, Sarkar N, Sarkar S. Fenugreek, A Potent Hypoglycaemic Herb Can Cause Central Hypothyroidism Via Leptin – A Threat To Diabetes Phytotherapy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2017 ; 441–448.
Sharma D, Sarkar A. Toxicological Evaluation of Fenugreek Seeds: a Long Term Feeding Experiment in Diabetic Patients. Phytother. res. 1996; 519-520.
Gupta A, Gupta R, Lal B. Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds on glycaemic control and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double-blind placebo controlled study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2001;1057–1061.
Steels E, Rao A, Vitetta L. Physiological Aspects of Male Libido Enhanced by Standardized Trigonella foenum-graecum Extract and Mineral Formulation: Male libido enhanced by standardized Trigonella foenum-graecum extract. Phytother. Res. 2011; 1294–1300.
Abraham K, Wöhrlin F, Lindtner O, Heinemeyer G, Lampen A. Toxicology and risk assessment of coumarin: Focus on human data. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2010; 228–239.