Antiatherogenic and Antiobesity Effects of Aqueous Stem Bark Extract of Grewia mollis Juss (Malvaceae) http://www.doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v7i9.39
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Grewia mollis Juss (Malvaceae) commonly described as “Dargaza” is a shrub, popularly used in folk medicine to treat obesity, diarrhoea and to ease childbirth. However, there are no established reports on its antiobesity activity in literature, hence, the aim of the study was to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic and antiobesity effects of Grewia mollis (GM) in rodents. Hyperlipidemia was induced by 200 mg/kg of triton WR-1339 and the rats were orally pretreated with extract (150-600 mg/kg) and atorvastatin (25 mg/kg) for 3 days. Obesity was induced with dietary cholesterol (600 mg/kg) for 10 weeks and rats were orally treated with extract (150-600 mg/kg). The effects of the extract on body weight, total food consumption, relative organ weight, Lee index, lipid profile, atherogenic index, coronary risk index and histopathological indices were evaluated. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed presence tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and steroidal nucleus. The extract significantly (p<0.05) decreased total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic index, coronary risk index in hyperlipidemic rats. In the obese rat, there was significant p<0.05) decrease in relative liver weight, body weight, Lee index, triglycerides, VLDL. Atherosclerotic changes in the coronary artery and aorta were ameliorated by the extract. The reduction in lipid profile and amelioration of atherosclerotic lesions indicate a possible anti-atherogenic property. These effects appear to be mediated via inhibition de novo triglyceride and cholesterol
biosynthesis. The extract shows therapeutic promise in the management of obesity, hyperlipidemia and in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
World Health Organization (WHO). 10 Facts on obesity. 2016a. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/obesity/facts/en/.
Hawkes , “Uneven dietary development: linking the policies and processes of globalization with the nutrition transition, obesity and diet-related chronic diseases,” Globalization and Health. 2006; 2 (4).
Athesh K, Sivasubramanian R, Jothi G, Brindha P. Evaluation of anti-obesity potential of aqueous extract of Achyranthes aspera Linn. in high fat diet induced obese rats. Clin Phytosci. 2020; 6 (69). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00217-5
Susan Z, Yanovski MD, Jack A, Yanovski J. Long-term drug treatment for obesity: a systematic and clinical review. JAMA. 2014;311(1):74–86.
Sun NN, Wu TY, Chau CF. Natural Dietary and Herbal Products in Anti-Obesity Treatment. Molecules. 2016;21(10):1351.
Tschöp M, Heiman ML. Rodent obesity models: an overview. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diab. 2001;109(6):307–19.
Adebayo-Gege G, Alicha V, Omayone TO, Nzekwe SC, Irozuoke CA, Ojo AO, Ajayi AF. Anti-atherogenic and cardio-protective properties of sweet melon (Cucumis melo. L. Inodorus) seed extract on high fat diet induced obesity in male wistar rats. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022; 22 (334) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03793-w
Shagal MH, Kubmarawa D, Idi Z. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of roots, stem-bark and leave extracts of Grewia mollis. Afr J Biotech. 2012; 11(51): 11350-11353. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb11.3938
Efiom OO, Oku E. Isolation and characterization of triterpene lup-20-en-3-ol and 1,3-hexyloxacyclotridec-10- en-2-one from the root of Grewia mollis. New York Sci. 2012; 5(11): 138-141. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/938726
Al-Youssef HMA, Amina M, El-Shafae AM. Biological evaluation of constituents from Grewia mollis. J Chem Pharm Res. 2012; 4(1): 508.
Pongri AW, Igbe I (2017) Acute and sub-chronic toxicity evaluations of aqueous extract from stem bark of Grewia mollis (Malvaceae) in rats. Herba Pol. 63(3):35-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hepo-2017-0017
Grubben GJH and Denton OA. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands 2004.
Adamu II, Adebayo SA, Al-Shahrani MS. Grewia mollis Leaf Extracts and Fractions Demonstrated Good Inhibitory Activity on Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes and with Lower Cytotoxicity in vitro. J Inflamm Res. 2020;23(13):765-772. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S271254. PMID: 33122934; PMCID: PMC7591100.
Asuku O, Atawodi SE, Onyike E. Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and ameliorative effects of methanolic extract of leaves of Grewia mollis Juss on carbon tetrachloride-treated albino rats. J Med Food 2012; (1):83– 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2010.0285.
Evans WC. Pharmacopoeial and related drugs of biological origin. In: Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy.16th edition. UK; Elsevier Ltd :2009. Pp 196-356.
Sofowora LA. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. Ibadan; Spectrum Books Ltd: 1993.Pp 55-71.
National Research Council. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. 8th Edition. USA: 2012. 1-246.
Gajbhiye SS, Naik S, Sharma G, Kohli K. Hypolipidemicactivity evaluation of DRF/AY/4013, an herbal formulation in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic rats. J Comp Int Med. 2008; 5: 1–14.
Adeneye AA, Adeyemi OO, Agbaje EO. Anti-obesity and antihyperlipidaemic effect of Hunteria umbellata seed extract in experimental hyperlipidaemia. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 130: 307- 314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.009
Abbott RD, Wilson PW, Kannel, WB, Castelli WP. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol, total cholesterol screening and myocardial infarction. The Framingham Study. Arterosclerosis 1988; 8: 207–211.
Alladi S, Shanmugasundaram KR. Induction of hypercholesterolemia by supplementing soy protein with acetate generating amino-acids. Nutrition Reports International 1989; 40: 893–899.
Bancroft DJ and Gamble M . Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 5th Edition. Churchill Livingson, 2006.
Adaramoye OA, Nwaneri VO, Anyanwu KC, Farombi EO, Emerole GO. Possible anti-atherogenic effect of kolaviron in hypercholesterolemic rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2005; 32: 40-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440- 1681.2005.04146.x
Lee MO. Determination of the surface area of the white rat with its application to the expression of metabolic results. Am J Physiol. 1929; 89: 24–31
Adeloye D, Ige-Elegbede JO, Ezejimofor M, Owolabi EO, Ezeigwe N, Omoyele C, Mpazanje RG, Dewan MT, Agogo E, Gadanya MA, Alemu W, Harhay MO, Auta A, Adebiyi AO. Estimating the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Nigeria in 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2021;53(1):495-507
Zanoni P, Khetarpal SA, Larach DB, Hancock-Cerutti WF, Millar JS, Cuchel M, DerOhannessian S, Kontush A, Surendran P, Saleheen D, Trompet S. Rare variant in scavenger receptor BI raises HDL cholesterol and increases risk of coronary heart disease. Science. 2016;351(6278):1166-71.
NR LR, Ravindran Nair A, Senthilpandian S, Ravi V. Hypolipidemic action of Rutin on Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemia in rats. J Pre Clin Clin Res. 2021;15(2):51- 55. doi:10.26444/jpccr/136231.
Ibrahim AY, Hendawy SF, Elsayed AA, Omer EA. Evaluation of hypolipidemic Marrubium vulgare effect in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemia in mice. As Pac J Trop Med. 2016; 9(5):453-9
Verma N. Introduction to hyperlipidaemia and its treatment. A Review. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 2016; 9(1): 6–14. https://doi.org/ 10.22159/ijcpr/16616.
Thomas L, Kamath JV. Evaluation of Antihyperlipidemic activity of Capsicum frutescens extract. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 2017;9(3):165-8
Abdou HM, Yousef MI, Newairy AA. Triton WR-1339- induced hyperlipidemia, DNA fragmentation, neurotransmitters inhibition, oxidative damage, histopathological and morphometric changes: the protective role of soybean oil. JoBAZ. 2018;79, 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-018-0065-z
Bhuvaneswari R, Sasikumar K. Antihypolipidemic activity of aegle marmelos (L) Corr., leaf extract in triton WR-1339 induced hypolipidemic rats. Pharmacie Globale (IJCP). 2013; 3, 1–3
Abdou HM, Wahby MM. Neuroprotection of grape seed extract and pyridoxine against triton-induced neurotoxicity. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016; 1–8
Bouhlali EDT, Hmidani A, Bourkhis B, Moussafir Z, FilaliZegzouti Y, Alem C. Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Fruits as a Potential Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Effect on High-Fat Diet and Triton-WR-1339-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats. Drugs and Drug Candidates. 2023; 2(2):422-432
Hartog MGL, Feskens EJM, Hollman PCH, Katan MB, Kromhouy D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 1993; 342: 1007–1011.
Kanekt P, Jarvinen R, Reunanen A, Maatela J. Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study. Bri Med J. 1996; 312: 478–481.
Murray MT, Pizzorno J. Cholesterol. In: Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine. 2nd edition: 1998. pp 347–400.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals: Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents. Test Guideline No. 407 (Adopted: 3 October, 2008). Paris, France: OECD publishing. 10.1787/9789264070684-en
Omagari K, Suzuta M, Taniguchi A, Kumamoto R, Koyama Y, Fukuda A, Suruga K, Ichimura-Shimizu M, Tsuneyama K. A non-obese, diet-induced animal model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Wistar/ST rats compared to SpragueDawley rats. Clin Nutr Exp. 2020; 30:1-4.
O'Reilly ME, Lenighan YM, Dillon E, Kajani S, Curley S, Bruen R, Byrne R, Heslin AM, Moloney AP, Roche HM, McGillicuddy FC. Conjugated linoleic acid and alpha linolenic acid improve cholesterol homeostasis in obesity by modulating distinct hepatic protein pathways. Molecular
nutrition & food research. 2020; 64(7):1900599
Azemi NA, Azemi AK, Abu-Bakar L, Sevakumaran V, Muhammad TST, Ismail N. Effect of Linoleic Acid on Cholesterol Levels in a High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia Rat Model. Metabolites. 2023; 13(1):53. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13010053
Godea ( upei) S, iubotariu D, Danciu M, upuşoru V, Ghiciuc M, ernescu I, Gheţu , upei M, upuşoru E. Improvement in Serum Lipids and Liver Morphology after Supplementation of the Diet with Fish Oil Is More Evident under Regular Feeding Conditions than under High-Fat or
Mixed Diets in Rats. Lipids Health Dis. 2020; 19, 1–18
Lee JJ, Kim HA, Lee J. The effects of Brassica juncea L. leaf extract on obesity and lipid profiles of rats fed a highfat/high-cholesterol diet. Nutr Res Pract. 2018; 12(4):298- 306. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2018.12.4.298
Alarcon-Aguilar FJ, Zamilpa A, Perez-Garcia MD, Almanza-Perez JC, Romero-Nuñez E, Campos-Sepulveda EA, et al. Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa on obesity in MSG mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;114:66–71.
Toth PP, Patti AM, Nikolic D, Giglio RV, Castellino G, Biancucci T, Geraci F, David S, Montalto G, Rizvi A, Rizzo M. Bergamot Reduces Plasma Lipids, Atherogenic Small Dense LDL, and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Subjects with Moderate Hypercholesterolemia: A 6 Months
Prospective Study. Front Pharmacol. 2016; 6;6:299.
Bonciolini A, Cantele C, Salgarella NI. et al. Effect of Tannins on Cholesterol Content and Its Oxidation in Egg Pasta as Related to Different Pasta Shapes. Food Bioprocess Technol 2023; 16: 1541–1554
Ramchoun M, Khouya T, Harnafi H, Alem C, Benlyas M, Simmet T, Ouguerram K, Amrani S. Effect of polyphenol, flavonoid, and saponin fractions from Thymus atlanticus on acute and chronic hyperlipidemia in mice. Futur J Pharm Sci. 2020; 6, 69
Gong X, Li X, Xia Y, Xu J, Li Q, Zhang C, Li M. Effects of phytochemicals from plant-based functional foods on hyperlipidemia and their underpinning mechanisms. Trends Food Sci Tech. 2020; 103, 304–320.
Flavel M, Ellis TP, Stahl L, Begg D, Smythe J, Ilag LL, Weisinger RS, Kitchen B, Jois M. Polyphenol Rich Sugarcane Extract Reduces Body Weight in C57/BL6J Mice Fed a High Fat, High Carbohydrate Diet. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):5163.