Fluoroquinolones Resistance and Plasmid Profile Patterns of Typhoidal Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Human Faecal Samples in Tertiary Hospitals in South-East, Nigeria doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i1.22
Main Article Content
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance associated with salmonellosis is a major global public health challenge. This study investigated the resistance and plasmid profile patterns of typhoidal Salmonella serovars isolated from human faecal samples to commonly used fluoroquinolones. A total of 300 faecal samples were collected from three tertiary hospitals in South-East Nigeria. The isolates were characterized using standard phenotypic, molecular and antibiogram studies. Antibiogram studies were evaluated using ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin discs. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, t-test and 2-way analysis of variance. Out of 300 faecal samples, (129) 43% yielded Salmonella spp and (62) 48% were confirmed to be typhoidal Salmonella serovars. The antibiogram study on the 62 typhoidal Salmonella serovars showed that (22) 35 % and (4) 7% were sensitive, (27) 44 % and (28) 45 % were intermediate, (13) 21 % and (30) 48 % were resistant to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin respectively. The plasmid profile revealed the presence of DNA with molecular weight ranging from 10 to 37 kb. The isolates had higher molecular weight than the control that was used for the plasmid profiling. On exposure to a curing agent (acridine orange), all the resistant isolates became sensitive. This study showed that the incidence of resistant typhoidal Salmonella to most commonly used fluoroquinolones is high in South-East Nigeria and this could be as a result of plasmid resistant DNA. It also indicated that the indiscriminate use of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin within the South-East region of Nigeria may increase the typhoidal Salmonella resistance.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Pribul BR, Festivo ML, Rodrigues MS, Costa RG, Rodrigues EC, De Souza MM, Rodrigues D. Characteristics of Quinolone Resistance in Salmonella spp. Isolates from the Food Chain in Brazil. Front Microbiol. 2017; 8(299):1-7.
Nwabor OF, Dickson ID, Ajibo QC. Epidemiology of Salmonella and Salmonellosis. Int Lett Nat Sci. 2015; 47: 54-73.
Schellack N, Bronkhorst E, Maluleka C, Hunt L, Srinivas P, Grootboom W, Naicker P, Modau T, Babarinde O, Bronkhorst E, Maluleka C, Hunt L, Srinivas P, Grootboom W. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella typhi infection : a report of two cases in South Africa. S Afr J Infect Dis. 2018; 33(2): 54–56.
Smith SI, Alao F, Goodluck HT, Fowora M, Bamidele M, Omonigbehin E, Coker AO. Prevalence of Salmonella typhiamong food handlers from bukkas in Nigeria. Br J Biomed Sci. 2008; (65)3: 158-160.
World Health Organization. Salmonella. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.
Manishimwe R, Moncada PM, Bugarel M, Scott HM, Loneragan GH. Antibiotic resistance among Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from dairy cattle faeces in Texas. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16(5): 1-13.
Shu-Kee E, Priyia P, Nurul S, Mutalib AB, Hooi-Leng S, Kok-Gan C, Learn-Han L. Salmonella: A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance. Front Life Sci. 2015; 8 (3): 284- 293
Buckle G, Walker C, Black R. Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: Systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010. J Glob Health. 2012; 2(1): 1-9.
Abioye JOK, Salome B, Adogo LY. Prevalence of Salmonella typhi Infection in Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. J Adv Microbiol. 2017; 6(2): 1–8.
Obinna C. Misdiagnosis: Trouble as almost everybody ‘tests positive to typhoid, malaria. 2017 [Online] [Cited: 2017 December, 10]. Available from https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/12/misdiagnosistrouble-almost-everybody-tests-positive-typhoid-malaria/
Maharjan A, Dhungel B, Bastola A, Thapa Shrestha U, Adhikari N, Banjara MR, Lekhak B, Ghimire P, Rijal KR. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Enteric Fever Patients in Nepal. Infect Dis Rep. 2021; 13:388-400.
Wasyl D, Hoszowski A, Zajac M. Prevalence and characterisation of quinolone resistance mechanisms in Salmonella spp. Vet. Microbiol. 2014; 171(3-4):307-314.
Butler T. Treatment of typhoid fever in the 21st century: Promises and shortcomings. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 17(7):959-963.
Al Gallas N and Aissa BR. Fluoroquinolones Resistance Salmonella : State of Knowledge. Adv Biotech Microbiol. 2017; 7(4):1-3.
Akinyemi KO, Ajoseh SO, Iwalokun BA, Oyefolu AO, Fakorede CO, Abegunrin RO, Adunmo O. Antimicrobial resistance and plasmid profiles of Salmonella enterica Serovars from different sources in Lagos, Nigeria. Health. 2018; 10:758-772.
Britto CD, Wong VK, Dougan G, Pollard AJ. A systematic review of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar typhi, the etiological agent of typhoid. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018; 12(10):e0006779.
Chattaway MA, Aboderin AO, Fashae K, Okoro CK. Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Enteric Bacteria in Sub-Saharan Africa : Clones , Implications and Research Needs. . Front Microbiol. 2016; 7(558):1–20.
Redgrave SL, Sutton SB, Webber MA, Piddock LJV. Fluoroquinolone resistance: mechanisms, impact on bacteria, and role in evolutionary success. Trends Microbiol. 2014; 22(8):438-445.
Upadhyay R, Nadkar MY, Muruganathan A, Tiwaskar M, Amarapurkar D, Banka N, Mehta K and Sathyaprakash B. API Recommendations for the management of typhoid fever. J Assoc Physicians India. 2015; 63:77-96.
Umegbolu EI. Sero-prevalence of Salmonella typhi antibodies among adult residents of some selected rural communities of Abia and Enugu States, Southeast Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Int J Res Med. 2017; 5(8):3400-3405.
Richards GA, Brink AJ, Feldman C. Rational use of fluoroquinolones. S Afr Med J. 2019; 109(6):378-381.
David OM and Oluyege AO. Antibiotic resistance and plasmid carriage among Salmonella typhi isolated from food and hands of food handlers in a Nigeria University. IntJ Curr Microbiol. 2015; 4(3):906-914.
Afolabi FT, Arowosebe AR, Adeyemo SM. Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Plasmid Profiling of Some Isolates Obtained from Raw Meats Sold in Ibadan Metropolis. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017; 7(4):13–22.
Ozdemir K and Acar S. Plasmid Profile and Pulsed–Field Gel Electrophoresis Analysis of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Humans in Turkey. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(5):e95976.
Jaran AS. Antimicrobial resistance pattern and plasmid profile of some Salmonella spp. Isolated from clinical samples in Riyadh area. Eur Sci J. 2015; 11(6):136-143.
Eze EA, Ukwah BN Okafor PC, Ugwu KO. Prevalence of Malaria and typhoid co-infections in University of Nigeria, Nsukka District of Enugu State, Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol. 2011; 10(11):2135-2143.
Adeyemo SM and Onilude AA. Plasmid Curing and Its Effect on the Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum Isolated from Fermented Cereals. J Microbiol Res. 2015; 5(1):11-22.
Akeila MA, Ellakany HF, Sedik ME, Behar HM. Characterization and plasmid profiling of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from broiler chickens. 2016 [Online] [Cited : 2016 November, 7]. Available from https://en.engormix.com/poultryindustry/articles/characterization-plasmid-profilingsalmonella-t39074.htm.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (28th ed.). Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2018.
Rizvi Q. Effectiveness of Anti-Typhoid Drugs Currently Used in Pakistan. J Surg Pak. 2007; 23(1):57-64.
Nordmann P and Poirel L. Emergence of plasmid-mediated resistance to quinolones in Enterobacteriaceae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2005; 56(3):463-469.
Tankeshwar A. Citrate utilization test: Principle, Procedure, expected results and positive organisms. 2013 [Online] [Cited: 2018 October 7]. Available from: https://microbeonline.com/citrate-utilization-test-principleprocedure-expected-results-and-positive-organisms/
Crump JA, Gordon MA, Parry CM. Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Management of Invasive Salmonella Infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2015; 28(4):901-937.
Patil R, Jayshree B and Amar P. Study of prevalence of Salmonella typhi in tertiary care centre. Int J Healthc Biomed Res. 2018; 06(02):159-164.