Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Extract and Fractions of Spondias mombin Leaf and Isolation of its Active Principles doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i1.15
Main Article Content
Abstract
Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) leaves have shown remarkable efficacy in the ethnomedicinal management of inflammatory disorders. This study aims to examine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of the plant material as well as identify its major phenolic components. The crude methanol extract (CME) and fractions [n-hexane (HF), dichloromethane (DF), ethyl acetate (EF), acetone (AF) and methanol (MF) fractions] of S. mombin were assessed for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging method and egg-albumin induced rat paw edema model respectively. The total phenolic contents of the extract and fractions were quantified spectrophotometrically and some of the compounds were identified with the aid of HPLC, LC ESI-MS/MS, and 1H-NMR. CME, HF, DF, EF, AF, and MF exhibited dose-dependent DPPH scavenging property with IC50 values of 20, 350, 21, 78, 60, and 8 μg/mL, respectively. The activity of the methanol fraction was comparable to that of the regular drug, vitamin C (IC50 = 9.4 μg/mL). The crude extract and fractions, at the dose of 400 mg/kg showed poor anti inflammatory activity in the rat model. EF exhibited the highest content of phenolic compounds with a percent gallic acid equivalent of 20.57%. The plant phenolic compounds identified were mainly gallocatechin, kaempferol, and quercetin glycosides and their methoxy products as well as gallic and ellagic acid derivatives. The outcomes show that the leaves of S. mombin contain antioxidant phenolic compounds which could explain the remarkable efficacy in the ethnomedicinal management of oxidative stress, but had poor anti-inflammatory activity.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Nusrat AH. Hepatoprotective toxicological assessment of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) in rodents [dissertation]. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology; 2010. 22-26 p. http://ir.knust.edu.gh/handle/123456789/806
Esua OJ, Makinde OO, Arueya GL, Chin NL. Antioxidant potential, phytochemical and nutrient compositions of Nigerian hog plum (Spondias mombin) seed kernel as a new food source. Intl Food Res J. 2016; 23(Suppl):S179-85.
Uchendu CN and Isek T. Antifertility activity of aqueous ethanol leaf extract of Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) in rats. Afr Health Sci. 2008; 8(3):163-167.
Gbolade AA and Adeyemi AA. Anthelmintic activities of three medicinal plants from Nigeria. Phytother. 2008; 79(3):223-225.
Olugbuyiro JAO, Moody JO, Hamann MT. AntiMtb activity of triterpenoid-rich fractions from Spondias mombin L. Afr J Biotech. 2009; 8(9):1807-1809.
Asuquo RO, Ekanem BT, Udoh BP, Mesembe EO, Ebong EP.Haematinic potential of Spondias mombin leaf extract in wistar rats. Adv Biores. 2013; 4(2):53-56.
Nworu CS, Akah PA, Okoye FBC, Toukam DT, Udeh J, Esimone CO. The leaf extract of Spondias mombin L. displays an anti-inflammatory effect and suppresses inducible formation of tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide (NO). J Immunotoxicol. 2011; 8(1):10-16.
Ajaegbu EE, Danga YSP, Okoye FBC. Larvicidal activity of the leaf extracts of Spondias mombin Linn. (Anacardiaceae) from various solvents against malarial, dengue and filarial vector mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Vector Borne Dis. 2014; 51(4):300-306.
Ajaegbu EE, Lame Y, Danga YSP, Uzochukwu IC, Okoye FBC. Mosquito adulticidal activity of the leaf extracts of Spondias mombin L. against Aedes aegypti L. and isolation of active principles. J Vector Borne Dis. 2016; 53(1):17-22.
Ajaegbu EE, Lame Y, Danga YSP, Uzochukwu IC, Okoye FBC.Mosquito repellent activity of Spondias mombin L. (Family Anacardiaceae) crude methanol extract and fractions against Aedes aegypti (L.). Intl J Nat Pro Res. 2016; 7(3):240-244.
Madamanchi NR, Vendrov A, Runge MS. Oxidative stress and vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 25(1):29-38.
Lorke D. A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch. Toxicol. 1983; 53(4):275-289.
Okoye FBC and Osadebe PO. Studies of the mechanisms of antiinflammatory activity of the extracts and fractions of Alchornea floribunda leaves. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2009; 2(3):7-14.
Sajjad KM, Khanam S, Deepak M, Shivananda BG. Antioxidant activity of a new diary heptanoid from Zingiber officinale. Pharmacogn Mag. 2006; 2(8):254-257.
Patel A, Patel A, Patel A, Patel NM. Determination of polyphenols and free radical scavenging activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn. Leaves (Leguminosae). Pharmacog Res. 2010; 2(3):152-158.
Ayoka AO, Akomolafe RO, Akinsomisoye OS, Ukponmwan OE. Medicinal and Economic value of Spondias mombin. Afri J Biomed Res. 2008; 11(2):129-136.
Igwe CU, Onyeze GOC, Onwuliri VA, Osuagwu CG, Ojiako AO. Evaluation of the chemical composition of the leaf of Spondias mombin Linn from Nigeria. Aust J Basic Appl Sci.2010; 4(5):706-710.
Saadullah M, Asif M, Sattar A, Rehman K, Shah S, Saleem M, Shah A, Wajid M, Rasool A, Uzair M, Afzal S, Afzal K. Cytotoxic and antioxidant potentials of ellagic acid derivatives from Conocarpus lancifolius (Combretaceae). Trop J Pharm Res. 2020; 19(5):1073-1080.
Zhu Y, Liu Y, Zhan Y, Liu L, Xu Y, Xu T, Liu T. Preparative Isolation and Purification of Five Flavonoid Glycosides and One Benzophenone Galloyl Glycoside from Psidium guajava by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography (HSCCC). Molecules 2013, 18(12):15648-15661.
Udobi CE and Onaolapo JA. Cell kill pattern and acute toxicity studies of the aqueous fraction of the methanol extract of parts of Parkia biglobosa. Afr J Biotech. 2010; 8(31):4993-4998.
Prior R, Wu X, Schaich K. Standardized methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolics in foods and dietary supplements. J Agric Food Chem. 2005; 53(10):4290-4302.
Amarowicz R, Pegg RB, Rahimi-Moghaddam P, Barl B, Weil JA. Free-radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of selected plant species from the Canadian prairies. Food Chem. 2004; 84(4):551-562.
Huang D, Ou B, Prior RL. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J Agric Food Chem. 2005; 53(6):1841-1856.
Cabrala B, Siqueiraa EMS, Bitencourtb MAO, Limab MCJS, Limac AK, Ortmannd CF, Zucolottoa SM. Phytochemical study and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Spondias mombin leaves. Braz J Pharmacogn. 2016; 26(3):304-311.
Stocker R and Keaney JF Jr. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev. 2004; 84(4):1381-1478.
Grassi D, Desideri G, Croce G, Tiberti S, Aggio A, Ferri C. Flavonoids, vascular function and cardiovascular protection. Curr Pharm Des. 2009; 15(10):1072-1084.
Grassi D, Desideri G, Tiberti S, Ferri C. Oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Agro Food Industry Ii-tech. 2009; 20(4):76-79.
Bhandarkar AP, Bhat RA, Vinodraj K, Shetty MS, Shenoy GK. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of S. mombin leaf extract: discovering future avenues for an affordable and efficient antioxidant. Int Res J Pharm. 2015; 6(2):164-168.
Nanjo F, Goto K, Seto R, Suzuki M, Sakai M, Hara Y. Scavenging effects of tea cathechins and their derivatives on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. Free Rad Biol Med. 1996; 21(6):895-902.