The Mechanisms of Absorption and Nutrients Transport in Plants: A Review
Main Article Content
Abstract
Plants need various essential nutrients to survive and to develop adequately. These nutrients are needed in sufficient amount and accessible for plant take-up. Furthermore, nutritional necessities change from one plant species to another and from one plant growth tage to another. Roots transit nutrients further into the plant. It is not uncommon for plant roots to develop in soils with under 3% of accessible nutrients. They need more nutrients including calcium and magnesium, for their normal life cycle, yet these so ils require modest quantities of other nutrients, such as potassium and phosphorus. The accessibility of nutrients facilitates its transfer from soil to the plant roots through an assortment of mechanisms. While, the nutrient transit depends on the mass flow, diffusion and root interception. The paper aim to explore the current state of the art in the world of nutrient transport systems for plant survival. The structures involved, mechanism of absorption, and ion exchange mechanism are discussed. Factors affecting plant nutrient uptake, in relation to the percentage of nutrients in the soil solution, and some characteristics of the ion transport mechanisms that directly influence soil-based nutrient uptake processes are also highlighted.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Schwerdtfeger P, Smits OR, Pyykkö P. The periodic table and the physics that drives it. Nat Rev Chem. 2020; 4(7):359-380.
Sinha D and Tandon PK. Biological Interventions Towards Management of Essential Elements in Crop Plants. In Sustainable Solutions for Elemental Deficiency and Excess in Crop Plants, Springer, 2020; 209-258p.
Matthes MS, Robil JM, McSteen P. From element to development: the power of the essential micronutrient boron to shape morphological processes in plants. J Exp Bot. 2020; 71(5):1681-1693.
Oldroyd GED and Leyser O. A plant’s diet, surviving in a variable nutrient environment. Sci. 2020; 368(6486):0196.
Hossain MZ, Bahar MM, Sarkar B, Donne SW, Ok YS, Palansooriya KN, Kirkham MB, Chowdhury S, Bolan, N. Biochar and its importance on nutrient dynamics in soil and plant. Biochar. 2020; 2:379-420.
De-Jesús-García R, Rosas U, Dubrovsky JG. The barrier function of plant roots: biological bases for selective uptake and avoidance of soil compounds. Funct Plant Biol. 2020; 47(5):383-397.
Zare AA, Khoshgoftarmanesh AH, Malakouti MJ, Bahrami HA, Chaney RL. Root uptake and shoot accumulation of cadmium by lettuce at various Cd: Zn ratios in nutrient solution. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2018; 148:441-446.
Ajeesh Krishna TP, Maharajan T, Victor Roch G, Ignacimuthu S, Antony Ceasar S. Structure, function, regulation and phylogenetic relationship of ZIP family transporters of plants. Front Plant Sci. 2020; 11:662.
Yu E, Yamaji N, Ma JF. Altered root structure affects both expression and cellular localization of transporters for mineral element uptake in rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 2020; 61:481-491.
Raven JA, Lambers H, Smith SE, Westoby M. Costs of acquiring phosphorus by vascular land plants: patterns and implications for plant coexistence. New Phytologist. 2018; 217:1420–1427.
Mai TH, Schnepf A, Vereecken H, Vanderborght J. Continuum multiscale model of root water and nutrient uptake from soil with explicit consideration of the 3D root architecture and the rhizosphere gradients. Plant Soil. 2019; 439:273–292.
Nawaz MA, Wang L, Jiao Y, Chen C, Zhao L, Mei M, Yu Y, Bie Z, Huang Y. Pumpkin rootstock improves nitrogen use efficiency of watermelon scion by enhancing nutrient uptake, cytokinin content, and expression of nitrate reductase genes. Plant Growth Regul. 2017; 82:233–246.
Loh SK, Cheong KY, Salimon J. Surface-active physicochemical characteristics of spent bleaching earth on soil-plant interaction and water-nutrient uptake: A review. Appl Clay Sci. 2017; 140:59–65.
Tavarini S, Passera B, Martini A, Avio L, Sbrana C, Giovaannetti M, Angelini LG. Plant growth, steviol glycosides and nutrient uptake as affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorous fertilization in Stevia rebaudiana Bert. Ind Crop Prod. 2018; 111:899–907.
Guyonnet JP, Guillemet M, Dubost A, Simon L, Ortet P, Barakat M, Heulin T, Achouak W, Haichar FEZ. Plant nutrient resource use strategies shape active rhizosphere microbiota through root exudation. Front Plant Sci. 2018; 9:1662.
Evers JB, Van Der Werf W, Stomph TJ, Bastiaans L, Anten NP. Understanding and optimizing species mixtures using functional–structural plant modelling. J Exp Bot. 2019; 70:2381–2388.
Karthika KS, Rashmi I, Parvathi MS. Biological functions, uptake and transport of essential nutrients in relation to plant growth. In: Plant nutrients and abiotic stress tolerance,Springer, 2018; 1-49p.
Javed MT, Akram MS, Tanwir K, Chaudhary HJ, Ali Q, Stoltz E, Lindberg S. Cadmium spiked soil modulates root organic acids exudation and ionic contents of two differentially Cd tolerant maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2017; 141:216-225.
Kreszies T, Schreiber L, Ranathunge K. Suberized transport barriers in Arabidopsis, barley and rice roots: from the model plant to crop species. J Plant Physiol. 2018; 227:75-83.
Vinh TD, Yoshida Y, Ooyama M, Goto T, Yasuba KI, Tanaka Y. Comparative analysis on blossom-end rot incidence in two tomato cultivars in relation to calcium nutrition and fruit growth. Horticul J. 2018; 87:97–105.
Bagheri V, Shamshiri MH, Shirani H, Roosta HR. Nutrient uptake and distribution in mycorrhizal pistachio seedlings under drought stress. J Agric Sci Technol. 2012; 14:1591-1604.
McCormack ML, Guo D, Iversen CM, Chen W, Eissenstat DM, Fernandez CW, Li L, Ma C, Ma Z, Poorter H, Reich PB, Zadworny M, Zanne, A. Building a better foundation: Improving root-trait measurements to understand and model plant and ecosystem processes. New Phytologist. 2017; 215:27-37.
Geisen S, Mitchell EA, Adl S, Bonkowski M, Dunthorn M, Ekelund F, Fernandez LD, Jousset A, Keashevska V, Singer D, Spiegl WF, Walochnik J, Lara E. Soil protists: a fertile frontier in soil biology research. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2018; 42:293–323.
Poschenrieder C, Fernández JA, Rubio L, Pérez L, Terés J, Barceló J. Transport and use of bicarbonate in plants: current knowledge and challenges ahead. Inter J Mol Sci. 2018; 19:1352.
Lu W, Wang X, Wang F. Adaptive minirhizotron for pepper roots observation and its installation based on root system architecture traits. Plant Meth. 2019; 15:1–14.
Suryoputro N, Soetopo W, Suhartanto E, Limantara LM, Utaya S. Developing Interception and Root Uptake Systems in Conceptual Hydrological Modelling. Environ Res Eng Manag. 2018; 74:34-41.
Wang P, Calvo-Polanco M, Reyt G, Barberon M, Champeyroux C, Santoni V, Maurel C, Franke BR, Ljing K, Novak O, Geldner N, Boursiac Y, Salt DE. Surveillance of cell wall diffusion barrier integrity modulates water and solute transport in plants. Sci Rep. 2019; 9:1–11.
Liu M, Sun J, Li Y, Xiao Y. Nitrogen fertilizer enhances growth and nutrient uptake of Medicago sativa inoculated with Glomus tortuosum grown in Cd-contaminated acidic soil. Chemosphere. 2017; 167:204-211.
Kasak K, Truu J, Ostonen I, Sarjas J, Oopkaup K, Paiste P, Vainik KM, Mander U,Truu, M. Biochar enhances plant growth and nutrient removal in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Sci Total Environ. 2018; 639:67–74.
Ricachenevsky FK, de Araújo Junior AT, Fett JP, Sperotto RA. You shall not pass: root vacuoles as a symplastic checkpoint for metal translocation to shoots and possible application to grain nutritional quality. Front Plant Sci. 2018; 9:412.
Dalir N, Khoshgoftarmanesh AH, Massah A, Shariatmadari H. Plasma membrane ATPase and H+ transport activities of microsomal membranes from wheat roots under Ni deficiency conditions as affected by exogenous histidine. Environ Exp Bot. 2017; 135:56–6.
Kim YX, Ranathunge K, Lee S, Lee Y, Lee D, Sung J. Composite transport model and water and solute transport across plant roots: an update. Front Plant Sci. 2018; 9:193.
Custos J-M, Moyne C, Sterckeman T. How root nutrient uptake affects rhizosphere pH: A modelling study. Geoderma. 2020; 369:114314.
Ghosh U, Chatterjee A, Bremer E. Determining the moisture and plant effect on nutrient release, and plant nutrient uptake using ion exchange resin membrane. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal. 2018; 49:782–790.
Espeleta JF, Cardon ZG, Mayer KU, Neumann RB. Diel plant water use and competitive soil cation exchange interact to enhance NH 4+ and K+ availability in the rhizosphere. Plant Soil. 2017; 414:33-51.
De Pascale S, Rouphael Y, Colla G. Plant biostimulants: Innovative tool for enhancing plant nutrition in organic farming. Eur J Hortic Sci. 2017; 82:277-285.
Meetei TT, Devi YB, Chanu TT. Ion Exchange: The Most Important Chemical Reaction on Earth after Photosynthesis. Inter Research J Pure Appl Chem. 2020; 21(6):31-42.
Naramoto S. Polar transport in plants mediated by membrane transporters: focus on mechanisms of polar auxin transport. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2017; 40:8-14.
Lundegårdh H and Burström H. Atmung und Ionenaufnahme. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Biologie. Abteilung E. Planta. 1933; 18:683–699.
Senske A. Optimization of N fertilization for hops (Humulus lupulus) in Iowa soils. Graduate Theses and Dissertations (2020).
Lundegårdh H. A New Cytochrome in Living Roots. Nature 1954; 173:939–941.
Eaton-Rye JJ, Guieysse B, Packer MA, Summerfield TC, Wood SA. Biology and biotechnological applications of microalgae and photosynthetic prokaryotes: part 2. New Zealand J Bot. 2020; 58:275-333.
Mills S, Stanton C, Lane JA, Smith GJ, Ross RP. Precision nutrition and the microbiome, part I: Current state of the science. Nutrients. 2019; 11:923.
Nagaraju Y and Gundappagol RC. Mining saline soils to manifest plant stress-alleviating halophilic bacteria. Curr Microbiol. 2020; 77:2265-2278.
Díaz-Gómez J, Twyman RM, Zhu C, Farré G, Serrano JC, Portero-Otin M,Munoz P, Sandmann G, Capell T, Christou P. Biofortification of crops with nutrients: factors affecting utilization and storage. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2017; 44:115-123.
Onwuka B and Mang B. Effects of soil temperature on some soil properties and plant growth. Adv Plants Agric Res. 2018; 8:34.
Liao W and Thomas SC. Biochar Particle Size and PostPyrolysis Mechanical Processing Affect Soil pH, Water Retention Capacity, and Plant Performance. Soil Syst. 2019; 3:14.
Reich M, Aghajanzadeh T, Helm J, Parmar S, Hawkesford MJ, De Kok LJ. ( Chloride and sulfate salinity differently affect biomass, mineral nutrient composition and expression of sulfate transport and assimilation genes in. Plant Brassica rapa Soil. 2017; 411:319-332.
Schmitt A-D, Gangloff S, Labolle F, Chabaux F, Stille P. Calcium biogeochemical cycle at the beech tree-soil solution interface from the Strengbach CZO (NE France): insights from stable Ca and radiogenic Sr isotopes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 2017; 213:91–109.
Dimkpa CO, White JC, Elmer WH, Gardea-Torresdey J. Nanoparticle and Ionic Zn Promote Nutrient Loading of Sorghum Grain under Low NPK Fertilization. J Agric Food Chem. 2017; 65:8552–8559.
Griffiths M, Roy S, Guo H, Seethepalli A, Huhman D, Ge Y, Sharp R, Fritschi FB, York L. M A multiple ion-uptake phenotyping platform reveals shared mechanisms that affect nutrient uptake by maize roots. Plant Physiol. 2021; 185(3):781-795.
Ronen E. Micro-elements in agriculture. Practical Hydroponics and Greenhouse. 2016; 164:35-44.
Machado RMA and Serralheiro RP. Soil salinity: effect on vegetable crop growth. Management practices to prevent and mitigate soil salinization. Horticulturae. 2017; 3:30.
Munns R, James RA, Gilliham M, Flowers TJ, Colmer TD. Tissue tolerance: an essential but elusive trait for salttolerant crops. Fun Plant Biol. 2016; 43:1103-1113.
Amini S, Ghadiri H, Chen C, Marschner P. Salt-affected soils, reclamation, carbon dynamics, and biochar: a review. J Soils Sed. 2016; 16:939-953.
Hussain HA, Men S, Hussain S, Chen Y, Ali S, Zhang S, Zhang K, Li Y, Xu Q, Liao c, Wang, L. Interactive effects of drought and heat stresses on morpho-physiological attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and oxidative status in maize hybrids. Sci Rep. 2019; 9:3890.
Volkov V and Flowers TJ. Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Halophytes: From Roots to Leaves. in Sabkha Ecosystems: Volume VI: Asia/Pacific (eds. Gul, B., Böer, B., Khan, M. A., Clüsener-Godt, M. & Hameed, A.) 125–150 (Springer International Publishing, 2019.
González-Fontes A, Navarro-Gochicoa MT, Ceacero CJ, Herrera-Rodríguez MB, Camacho-Cristóbal JJ and Rexach J.Understanding calcium transport and signaling, and its use efficiency in vascular plants. In: Plant Macronutrient Use Efficiency. 2017; 165-180p.
Roy Y, Warsinger DM, Lienhard JH. Effect of temperature on ion transport in nanofiltration membranes: Diffusion, convection and electromigration. Desalination. 2017; 420:241-257.