Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidant, and Anti-Proliferative Effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Pistacia atlantica Ethanol Extracts: doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i2.7

Khaldoun J. Al-Hadid; Nehaya Al-Karablieh; Bashaer Abu-Irmaileh; Ahmad Sharab; Ahmad M. Al Jaafreh

Authors

Khaldoun J. Al-Hadid Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Hamdi Mango Research Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan
Nehaya Al-Karablieh Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Hamdi Mango Research Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Bashaer Abu-Irmaileh Hamdi Mango Research Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan
Ahmad Sharab Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan
Ahmad M. Al Jaafreh Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Science, Mutah University, Alkarak, Jordan

Keywords:

Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidant, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Pistacia atlantica

Abstract

The need to find alternatives to existing antibiotic drugs and to cure cancer increases every day. Medicinal plants contain a vast array of substances that indicate antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activity. Therefore, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative effects of ethanol extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Pistacia atlantica were evaluated. Antibacterial effect was measured using agar well diffusion and microtiter plate dilution methods. Antioxidant effect was assessed using DPPH and ABTS assays. Anti-proliferative effects were assessed using the MTT assay against K562 leukemia cell line. Eucalyptus camaldulensis fruits and leaves extracts and P. atlantica leaves extract had strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus megaterium, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus aureus, except P. atlantica leaves extract did not have an antibacterial effect against Corynebacterium diphtheria. Pistacia atlantica leaves extract had strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus alliaceus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizoupus stolonifer, and Cunninghamella elegans while it was insensitive against Aspergillus flavus, which was the only tested fungi affected by E. camaldulensis fruit extract. Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves extract had strong antifungal activity against A. alliaceus. Pistacia atlantica petioles extract had strong cytotoxic activity against K562 cell line while the cytotoxic effect of E. camaldulensis fruits and leaves extracts were moderate. All plant extracts had low cytotoxic effects against normal skin fibroblast cell line. Pistacia atlantica leaves extract had the highest total phenolic content followed by E. camaldulensis leaves extract; then, camaldulensis fruit extract had the highest total flavonoids content followed by P. atlantica leaves extract then E. camaldulensis leaves extract.

References

Yuan H, Ma Q, Ye L, Piao G. The traditional medicine and modern medicine from natural products. Molecules. 2016; 21(5):559.

Chandra H, Bishnoi P, Yadav A, Patni B, Mishra AP, Nautiyal AR. Antimicrobial Resistance and the Alternative Resources with Special Emphasis on Plant-Based Antimicrobials—A Review. Plants. 2017; 6(2):16.

Bush K. Antibacterial drug discovery in the 21st century. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004; 10(s4):10-17.

Xu DP, Li Y, Meng X, Zhou T, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Zhang JJ, Li HB. Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: extraction, assessment and resources. Int J Mol Sci. 2017; 18(1):96-127.

Kasote DM, Katyare SS, Hegde MV, Bae H. Significance of antioxidant potential of plants and its relevance to therapeutic applications. Int J Biol Sci. 2015; 11(8):982-991.

Greenwell M and Rahman PKSM. Medicinal plants: their use in anticancer treatment. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2015; 6(10):4103-4112.

Pfeffer CM and Singh ATK. Apoptosis: a target for anticancer therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2018; 19(2):448-457.

Valibeigi B, Amirghofran Z, Golmoghaddam H, Hajihosseini R, Kamazani FM. Fas gene variants in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and association with prognosis. Pathol Oncol Res. 2014; 20(2):367-374.

Esmaeilbeig M, Kouhpayeh SA, Amirghofran Z. An investigation of the growth inhibitory capacity of several medicinal plants from Iran on tumor cell lines. Iran J Cancer Prev. 2015; 8(5):4032-4032.

Adeniyi B, Lawal T, Olaleye S. Antimicrobial and gastroprotective activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis crude extracts. J Biol Sci. 2006; 6(6):1141-1145.

Bozorgi M, Memariani Z, Mobli M, Salehi Surmaghi MH, Shams-Ardekani MR, Rahimi R. Five Pistacia species (P. vera, P. atlantica, P. terebinthus, P. khinjuk, and P. lentiscus): A review of their traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Sci World J. 2013; 2013:33.

Singleton VL and Rossi JA. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic. 1965; 16(3):144-158.

Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 1999; 64(4):555-559.

Monteiro JM, Albuquerque UPd, Lins-Neto EMdF, Araújo ELd, Amorim ELCd. Use patterns and knowledge of medicinal species among two rural communities in Brazil's semi-arid northeastern region. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 105(1):173-186.

Olugbami JO, Gbadegesin MA, Odunola OA. In vitro free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of ethanol extract of Terminalia glaucescens. Pharmacogn Res. 2015; 7(1):49-56.

Alam MN, Bristi NJ, Rafiquzzaman M. Review on in vivo and in vitro methods evaluation of antioxidant activity. Saudi Pharm J. 2013; 21(2):143-152.

Manandhar S, Luitel S, Dahal RK. In vitro antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against human pathogenic bacteria. J Trop Med. 2019; 2019. Article ID 1895340.

Ginovyan M, Petrosyan M, Trchounian A. Antimicrobial activity of some plant materials used in Armenian traditional medicine. BMC Compl Altern Med. 2017; 17(1):50.

Gabr S, Nikles S, Wenzig EM, Ardjomand-Woelkart K, Hathout RM, El-Ahmady S, Motaal AA, Singab A, Bauer R. Characterization and optimization of phenolics extracts from Acacia species in relevance to their anti-inflammatory activity. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2018; 78:21-30.

Ghannoum MA, Hajjeh RA, Scher R, Konnikov N, Gupta AK, Summerbell R, Sullivan S, Daniel R, Krusinski P, Fleckman P, Rich P.A large-scale North American study of fungal isolates from nails: the frequency of onychomycosis, fungal distribution, and antifungal susceptibility patterns. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000; 43(4):641-648.

Dulger G and Aki C. Antimicrobial activity of the leaves of endemic Stachys pseudopinardii in Turkey. Trop J Pharm Res. 2009; 8(4):371-375.

Nemudzivhadi V and Masoko P. In vitro assessment of cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) leaf extracts. EvidBased Compl Altern Med. 2014; 2014. Article ID 625961.

Oskay M, Oskay D, Kalyoncu F. Activity of some plant extracts against multi-drug resistant human pathogens. Iran J Pharm Sci. 2009; 8(4):293-300.

Knezevic P, Aleksic V, Simin N, Svircev E, Petrovic A, Mimica-Dukic N. Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils and their interactions with conventional antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii .J Ethnopharmacol.

; 178:125-136.

Maddox CE, Laur LM, Tian L. Antibacterial activity of phenolic compounds against the phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Curr Microbiol. 2010; 60(1):53-58.

Hosseini F, Adlgostar A, Sharifnia F. Antibacterial activity of Pistacia atlantica extracts on Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Int Res J Biological Sci. 2013; 2(2):1-7.

Roozegar MA, Jalilian FA, Havasian MR, Panahi J, Pakzad I. Antimicrobial effect of Pistacia atlantica leaf extract. Bioinf. 2016; 12(1):19-21.

Gakuubi MM, Maina AW, Wagacha JM. Antifungal activity of essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis dehnh. against selected Fusarium spp. Int J Microbiol. 2017; 2017.8761610.

Falahati M, Sepahvand A, Mahmoudvand H, Baharvand P, Jabbarnia S, Ghojoghi A, Yarahmadi M. Evaluation of the antifungal activities of various extracts from Pistacia atlantica Desf. Curr Med Mycol. 2015; 1(3):25-32.

Simonetti G, Brasili E, Pasqua G. Antifungal activity of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds from different matrices of Vitis vinifera L. against human pathogens. Molecules. 2020; 25(16):3748

Sahin Basak S and Candan F. Chemical composition and In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Dehnh. essential oil. J Iran Chem Soc. 2010; 7(1):216-226.

Kähkönen MP, Hopia AI, Vuorela HJ, Rauha JP, Pihlaja K, Kujala TS, Heinonen M. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 1999; 47(10):3954-3962.

Rigane G, Ghazghazi H, Aouadhi C, Ben Salem R, Nasr Z. Phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts from Pistacia atlantica. Nat Prod Res. 2017; 31(6):696-699.

Nordin ML, Abdul Kadir A, Zakaria ZA, Othman F, Abdullah R, Abdullah MNH. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction of Ardisia crispa and its solvent partitions against Mus musculus mammary carcinoma cell line (4T1). EvidBased Compl Altern Med. 2017; 2017. Article ID 9368079.

Jaafari-Ashkvandi Z, Shirazi S, Rezaeifard S, Hamedi A, Erfani N. Cytotoxic effects of Pistacia Atlantica (Baneh) fruit extract on human KB cancer cell line. Acta Med (Hradec Kral). 2019; 62(1):30-34.

Rahman HS. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant and anticancer activities of mastic gum resin from Pistacia atlantica subspecies kurdica. OncoTargets Ther. 2018; 11:45.