Current Understanding of the Role of the Quadruplets in Colorectal Cancer Biology – Osteoprotegerin and its Ligands RANK/RANKL/TRAIL http://www.doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v7i1.1
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most prevalent forms of malignant tumors worldwide, with over 600,000 CRC-related deaths occurring annually. Despite major advances in surgical techniques and equipment, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the prognosis for CRC patients remains poor because of distant metastasis and recurrence. Traditionally, the identification of patients at high risk of recurrence or distant metastasis has depended on pathological characteristics, such as depth of invasion, nodal metastasis, stage group and perforation or invasion of adjacent organs. However, the current tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification system is limited in that it cannot offer a prognosis for individual patients. To improve the outcome of patients with CRC, it is crucial to identify cancer-related genes that can serve as predictive and prognostic biomarkers to individualize therapy. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily. It has been shown that OPG is involved in the development and progression of human malignancies. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of OPG in fibrosis and will discuss its potential as a biomarker and/or novel therapeutic target for fibrosis.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Kim HS, Yoon G, Do SI, Kim SJ, & Kim YW. Down-regulation of osteoprotegerin expression as a novel biomarker for colorectal carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2016; 7(12):15187.
Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York, NY, USA: Springer; 2010.
Kim HS, Yoon G, Do SI, Kim SJ, & Kim YW. Down-regulation of osteoprotegerin expression as a novel biomarker for colorectal carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2016; 7(12): 15187.
Habibie H, Adhyatmika A, Schaafsma D, Melgert BN. The role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in fibrosis: its potential as a biomarker and/or biological target for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. Pharmacol. Ther. 2021; 228: 107941.
Tobeiha M, Moghadasian MH, Amin N, Jafarnejad S. RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway: A mechanism involved in exercise-induced bone remodeling. BioMed Research International 2020, 6910312.
Park JH, Lee NK, Lee SY. Current understanding of RANK signaling in osteoclast differentiation and maturation. Mol. Cells.2017;40:706–713.
Ono T, Hayashi M, Sasaki F, Nakashima T. RANKL biology: Bonemetabolism,the immune system, and beyond. Inflamm Regen. 2020; 40(1):1-16.
Fennen M, Pap T, Dankbar B. Smad-dependent mechanisms of inflammatory bone destruction. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2016; 18:279.
Lamora A, Talbot J, Mullard M, Brounais-Le Royer B, Redini F, Verrecchia F.TGF-beta signaling in bone remodeling and osteosarcoma progression. J Clin Med. 2016;5(11):96
Weivoda MM, Ruan M, Pederson L, Hachfeld C, Davey RA, Zajac JD, Oursler MJ. Osteoclast TGF-beta receptor signaling inducesWnt1 secretion and couples bone resorption to bone formation. J Bone Miner Res. 2016; 31:76–85.
Duan P, Bonewald LF. The role of the wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in formation and maintenance of bone and teeth. The Int.
J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2016; 77:23–29.
Kobayashi Y, Uehara S, Udagawa N, Takahashi N. Regulation of bone metabolism by Wnt signals. J. Biochem. 2016; 159:387–392.
Kovacs B, Vajda E, Nagy EE. Regulatory effects and interactions of the Wnt and OPG-RANKL-RANK signaling at the bonecartilage interface in osteoarthritis.Int. J. Mol Sci. 2019;20(18):4653
Jia J, Zhou H, Zeng X, Feng S. Estrogen stimulates osteoprotegerin expression via the suppression ofmiR-145 expression inMG-63 cells. Mol. Med. Rep. 2017; 15:1539–1546.
Gottwald L, Piekarski J, Kubiak R, Szwalski J, Pasz-Walczak G, Sek P, Jeziorski A. Membrane expression of TRAIL receptors DR4, DR5, DcR1 and DcR2 in the normal endometrium, atypical endometrial hyperplasia and endometrioid adenocarcinoma:A tissue microarray study. Arch. of Gynecol. Obstet. 2013; 288:889–899.
Bernardi S, Bossi F, Toffoli B, Fabris B. Roles and clinical applications of OPG and TRAIL as biomarkers in cardiovascular disease. BioMed Res. Int. 2016;1752854.
Rochette L, Meloux A, Rigal E, Zeller M, Cottin Y, Vergely C.The role of osteoprotegerin and its ligands in vascular function. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019;20(3):705
Lane D, Matte I, Laplante C, Garde-Granger P, Rancourt C, Piche A. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) activates integrin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and Akt signaling in ovarian cancer cells to attenuate TRAIL-induced apoptosis. J. Ovarian Res. 2013; 6:82.
Dumnicka P, Zylka A, Kusnierz-Cabala B, Gurda-Duda A, Kuzniewski M, Drozdz R, Kulig J. Osteoprotegerin, trail and osteoprotegerin/trail ratio in patients at early phase of acute pancreatitis. Folia Med Crac. 2014; 54, 17–26.
Kuzniewski M, Fedak D, Dumnicka P, Stepien E, KusnierzCabala B, Cwynar M, Sulowicz W. Osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin/TRAIL ratio are associated with cardiovascular dysfunction and mortality among patients with renal failure. Adv. Med. Sci. 2016; 61:269–275.
Habibie H, Adhyatmika A, Schaafsma D, Melgert BN. The role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in fibrosis: its potential as a biomarker and/or biological target for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. Pharmacol. Ther. 2021; 228: 107941.
Liu W, Zhang X. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL)/RANK/osteoprotegerin systemin bone and other tissues (review). Mol. Med. Rep. 2015; 11: 3212–3218.
Labovsky V, Vallone VB, Martinez LM, Otaegui J, Chasseing NA. Expression of osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosisinducing ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1 and their receptors in epithelial metastatic breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Cell Int. 2012; 12:29.
Rimondi E, di Iasio M G, Gonelli A, Celeghini C, Secchiero P, Zauli G. Hydrogen sulfide down-regulates the expression and release of osteoprotegerin (OPG) by vascular endothelial cells. Investigational New Drugs. 2012; 30:1731–1735.
Callegari A, Coons ML, Ricks JL, Rosenfeld ME, Scatena M. Increased calcification in osteoprotegerin-deficient smooth muscle cells: Dependence on receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand and interleukin 6. J. Vasc. Res. 2014; 51:118–131.
Davenport C, Harper E, Rochfort KD, Forde H, Smith D, Cummins PM. RANKL inhibits the production of osteoprotegerin from smooth muscle cells under basal conditions and ollowing exposure to cyclic strain. J. Vasc. Res. 2018; 55:111–123.
Nakahara T, Kawai-Kowase K, Matsui H, Sunaga H, Utsugi T, Iso T, Kurabayashi M. Fibroblast growth factor 23 inhibits osteoblastic gene expression and induces osteoprotegerin in vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis. 2016; 253:102–110.
Weichhaus M, Segaran P, Renaud A, Geerts D, Connelly L. Osteoprotegerin expression in triple-negative breast cancer cells promotes metastasis. Cancer Med. 2014; 3:1112–1125.
Liu LN, Mao YM, Zhao CN, Wang H, Yuan FF, Li XM, Pan HF. Circulating levels of osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin and osteopontin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Immunol Invest. 2019;48, 107–120.
Wang P, Li S, Liu LN, Lv TT, Li XM, Li XP, Pan HF. Circulating osteoprotegerin levels are elevated in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review andmetaanalysis.Clin. Rheumatol. 2017; 36:2193–2200.
Geerts D, Chopra C, Connelly L. Osteoprotegerin: Relationship to breast cancer risk and prognosis. Front. Oncol. 2020; 10:462.
Mielczarek-Palacz A, Kondera-Anasz Z, Smycz-Kubańska M. Changes in the concentration of markers participating in the regulation of the apoptosis receptor pathway involving soluble tumour necrosis factor ligand inducing apoptosis (sTRAIL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the serum of women with ovarian cancer—participation in pathogenesis or a possible clinical use?. Cells. 2020;9(3):612.
Habibie H, Adhyatmika A, Schaafsma D, Melgert BN. The role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in fibrosis: its potential as a biomarker and/or biological target for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. Pharmacol. Ther. 2021; 228:107941.
Kim HS, Yoon G, Do SI, Kim SJ, Kim YW. Down-regulation of osteoprotegerin expression as a novel biomarker for colorectal carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2016; 7(12):15187.
Tsukamoto S, Ishikawa T, Iida S, Ishiguro M, Mogushi K, Mizushima H, Uetake H, Tanaka H, Sugihara K. Clinical significance of osteoprotegerin expression in human colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2011; 17:2444–2450.
Kim HS, Yoon G, Do SI, Kim SJ, Kim YW. Down-regulation of osteoprotegerin expression as a novel biomarker for colorectal carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2016; 7(12):15187.
De Voogd FA, Gearry RB, Mulder CJ, Day AS. Osteoprotegerin: A novel biomarker for inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal carcinoma. J. gastroenterol. hepatol. 2016;31(8):1386-1392.
Boorsma CE, Draijer C, Cool RH, Brandsma C, Nossent G, BrassDM, Melgert BN. A possible role for the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis in pulmonary fibrosis.Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 2014; 189:1252.
Giannandrea M, Parks WC. Diverse functions of matrix metalloproteinases during fibrosis. Dis. Model Mech. 2014; 7:193–203.
Habibie H, Adhyatmika A, Schaafsma D, Melgert BN. The role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in fibrosis: its potential as a biomarker and/or biological target for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. Pharmacol. Ther. 2021; 228: 107941.
Birgisson H, Tsimogiannis K, Freyhult E, Kamali-Moghaddam, M. Plasma protein profiling reveal osteoprotegerin as a marker of prognostic impact for colorectal cancer. Transl Oncol. 2018;11(4):1034-1043.
Steele SR, Chang GJ, Hendren S, Weiser M, Irani J, Buie WD, Rafferty JF, and C. Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Society of and S. Rectal. Practice guideline for the surveillance of patients after curative treatment of colon and rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2015; 58:713–725.
Glynne-Jones R, Wyrwicz L, Tiret E, Brown G, Rodel C, Cervantes A, Arnold D, and E.G. Committee. Rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 2017; 28:22–40.
Birgisson, H., Tsimogiannis, K., Freyhult, E., & KamaliMoghaddam, M.Plasma protein profiling reveal osteoprotegerin as a marker of prognostic impact for colorectal cancer. Transl oncol. 2018;11(4):1034-1043.
De Toni, E, Nagel D, Philipp AB, Herbst A, Thalhammer I, Mayerle J, Kolligs FT. Correlation between baseline osteoprotegerin serum levels and prognosis of advanced-stage colorectal cancer patients. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2018;45(2):605-613.
Meltzer S, Kalanxhi E, Hektoen HH, Dueland S, Flatmark K, Redalen KR, Ree AH. Systemic release of osteoprotegerin during oxaliplatincontaining induction chemotherapy and favorable systemic outcome of sequential radiotherapy in rectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7(23):34907
Kim HS, Yoon G, Do SI, Kim SJ, Kim YW: Down-regulation of osteoprotegerin expression as a novel biomarker for colorectal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016;7(12):15187
Vik A, Brodin EE, Mathiesen EB, Brox J, Jorgensen L, Njolstad I, Braekkan SK, Hansen JB. Serum osteoprotegerin and future risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality in the eneral population: the Tromso study. Eur J Epidemiol 2015; 30:219-230.
Gallmeier E, Bader DC, Kriegl L, Berezowska S, Seeliger H, Göke B, Kirchner T, Bruns CJ, De Toni EN: Loss of TRAIL-receptors is a recurrent
feature in pancreatic cancer and determines the prognosis of patients with no nodal metastasis after surgery. PLoSOne. 2013; 8(2):e56760.
Lacey DL, Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Kostenuik PJ, Dougall WC, Sullivan JK, San Martin J, Dansey R: Bench to bedside: elucidation of the OPG-RANK-RANKL pathway and the development of denosumab. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:401-419.
De Toni E, Nagel D, Philipp AB, Herbst A, Thalhammer I, Mayerle J, Kolligs FT. Correlation between baseline osteoprotegerin serum levels and prognosis of advanced-stage colorectal cancer patients. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2018; 45(2):605-613.
Meltzer S, Kalanxhi E, Hektoen HH, Dueland S, Flatmark K, Redalen KR, Ree AH. Systemic release of osteoprotegerin during oxaliplatin-containing induction chemotherapy and favorable systemic outcome of sequential radiotherapy in rectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7(23):34907.
Arnold ND, Pickworth JA, West LE, Dawson S, Carvalho JA, Casbolt H, Lawrie A. A therapeutic antibody targeting osteoprotegerin attenuates severe experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension. Nat. Commun. 2019; 10: 5183.
Habibie H, Adhyatmika A, Schaafsma D, Melgert BN. The role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in fibrosis: its potential as a biomarker and/or biological target for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. Pharmacol. Ther. 2021; 228:107941.
Wang Y, Michiels T, Setroikromo R, van Merkerk R, Cool RH, Quax WJ. Creation of RANKLmutants with low affinity for decoy receptor OPG and their potential anti-fibrosis activity. The FEBS J. 2019; 286:3582–3593.