Evaluation of Three Abundant Indonesian Traditional Tubers as Carbohydrate-Rich Food Alternatives for Diabetic Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i7.14
Main Article Content
Abstract
Diabetes is the tenth most common comorbidity in coronavirus disease, hence COVID-19 patients with this disease showed higher mortality rates and worse outcomes. Therefore, Management of diabetes during the pandemic became more critical, especially in ensuring patients consume functional foods containing diets, such as sweet potato, cassava, and taro, among the top ten abundant-traditional tubers in Indonesia. These foods are rich in protein, vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and dietary fibre. Carbohydrate-rich foods, which constitute around 60% of the average diet should be considered. This study evaluated the potential of the three most consumed Indonesian tubers; sweet potato, cassava, and taro, as functional foods for managing diabetes during the pandemic. These foods were selected based on their chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and in silico molecular docking against COVID-19 and diabetes-related target proteins. The target proteins are ACE2 (angiotensin- converting enzyme 2), TMPRSS-2 (transmembrane serine protease 2), DPP IV (dipeptidyl peptidase IV), and α-glucosidase. The results showed that sweet potato has the highest phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity, valued at 7.40 ± 0.20 mg/g GAE and 9.39 ± 0.3%, respectively. Moreover, molecular docking results indicated that sweet potato phenolic compounds, namely isorhamnetin, peonidin, and catechin against DPP IV, isorhamnetin, peonidin, and quercetin against ACE2, isorhamnetin and quercetin against α-glucosidase, and epicatechin against TMPRSS2 strongly interacted with the target proteins. In conclusion, cassava, taro, and sweet potato were the most potential functional foods for diabetes management during the pandemic.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37(Suppl 1): 62-69.
Lin X, Xu Y, Pan X, Xu J, Ding Y, Sun X, Song X, Ren Y, Shan P. Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025. Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1):1-11.
Zoppini G, Fedeli U, Schievano E, Dauriz M, Targher G, Bonora E, Corti M. Mortality from infectious diseases in diabetes. Nutr Metabol Cardiovasc Dis. 2018; 28(5): 444- 450.
Singh AK, Gupta R, Ghosh A, Misra A. Diabetes in COVID-19: Prevalence, pathophysiology, prognosis and practical considerations. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome. Clin Res Rev. 2020; 14(4): 303-310.
Yang JK, Feng Y, Yuan MY, Yuan SY, Fu HJ, Wu BY. Plasma glucose levels and diabetes are independent predictors for mortality and morbidity in patients with SARS. Diabet Med. 2006; 23(6): 623-628.
Allard R, Leclerc P, Tremblay C, Tannenbaum TN. Diabetes and the severity of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33(7): 1491-1493.
Badawi A and Ryoo SG. Prevalence of comorbidities in the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS- CoV): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2016; 49(8): 129-133.
Li S, Wang J, Zhang B, Li X, Liu Y. Diabetes mellitus and cause-specific mortality: A population-based study. Diabetes Metabol J. 2019; 43(3): 319-341.
Luk AOY, Wu H, Lau ESH, Yang A, So W, Chow E, Kong A, Hui D, Ma R, Chan J. Temporal trends in rates of infection-related hospitalisations in Hong Kong people with and without diabetes, 2001–2016: a retrospective study. Diabetol. 2021; 64(1): 109-118.
Luk AOY, Lau ESH, Cheung KKT,Kong A, Ma R, Ozaki R, Chow F, So W, Chan J. Glycaemia control and the risk of hospitalisation for infection in patients with type 2 diabetes: Hong Kong Diabetes Registry. Diabetes/Metabol Res Rev. 2017; 33(8):1-10.
Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, Wu Y, Zhang L, Yu Z, Fang M, Yu T, Wang Y, Pan S, Zou X, Yuan S, Shang Y. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. The Lancet Resp Med. 2020; 8(5):475-481.
Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, Zhi L, Wang X, Liu L, Bi Z, Zhao Y. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020; 109(5): 531-538.
Abdelhafiz AH, Emmerton D, Sinclair AJ. Diabetes in COVID-19 pandemic-prevalence, patient characteristics and adverse outcomes. Int J Clin Pract. 2021; 75(7):1-11.
Jia H, Neptune E, Cui H. Targeting ACE2 for COVID-19 Therapy: Opportunities and challenges. Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol. 2021; 64(4): 416-425.
Rao S, Lau A, So HC. Exploring Diseases/Traits and Blood Proteins Causally Related to Expression of ACE2, the Putative Receptor of SARS-CoV-2: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis Highlights Tentative Relevance of Diabetes-Related Traits. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(7): 1416- 1426.
Yan T, Xiao R, Wang N, Shang R, Lin G. Obesity and severe coronavirus disease 2019: Molecular mechanisms, paths forward, and therapeutic opportunities. Theranostics. 2021; 11(17): 8234-8253.
Coate KC, Cha J, Shrestha S, Wang W, Gonçalves LM, Almaça J, Kapp ME, Fasolino M, Morgan A, Dai C, Saunders DC, Bottino R, Aramandla R, Jenkins R, Stein R, Kaestner KH, Vahedi G. HPAP Consortium, Brissova, M.,
& Powers, A. C. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Are Expressed in the Microvasculature and Ducts of Human Pancreas but Are Not Enriched in β Cells. Cell Metabol. 2020; 32(6) : 1028-1040.
Ferrara F and Vitiello A. Potential pharmacological approach in the regulation of angiotensin-II conversion enzyme and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 in diabetic COVID-19 patients. Ital J Med. 2021; 15(1): 53-55.
Rubino F, Amiel SA, Zimmet P, Alberti G, Bornstein S, Eckel RH, Mingrone G, Boehm B, Cooper ME, Chai Z, Del Prato S, Ji L, Hopkins D, Herman WH, Khunti K, Mbanya JC, Renard E. New-Onset Diabetes in Covid-19. New Eng J Med. 2020; 383(8): 789-790.
Janić M, Lunder M, Janež A. Management of diabetes patients during the covid-19 epidemic. Zdravniski Vestnik. 2021; 90(6): 322-335.
Herforth A, Arimond M, Álvarez-Sánchez C, Coates J, Christianson K, Muehlhoff E. A Global Review of Food- Based Dietary Guidelines. Adv Nutr. 2019; 10(4): 590-605.
Alkhatib A, Tsang C, Tiss A, Bahorun T, Arefanian H, Barake R, Khadir A, Tuomilehto J. Functional foods and lifestyle approaches for diabetes prevention and management. Nutr. 2017; 9(12): 1-18.
Adefegha SA. Impact of pasting on starch composition, estimated glycemic index, phenolic constituents, antioxidant activities and antidiabetic properties of flour produced from cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) corm. J Food Biochem. 2018; 42(4): 1-11.
Igbabul BD, Amove J, Twadue I. Effect of fermentation on the proximate composition , antinutritional factors and functional properties of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) flour. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2014; 8(3): 67-74.
Naomi R, Bahari H, Yazid MD, Othman F, Zakaria ZA, Hussain MK. Potential effects of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) in hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia—A systematic review in diabetic retinopathy context. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(19): 1-21.
Firdaus J, Sulistyaningsih E, Subagio A. Resistant Starch Modified Cassava Flour (MOCAF) improves insulin resistance. Asian J Clin Nutr. 2018;10(1): 32-36.
Surono IS, Wardana AA, Waspodo P, Saksono B, Verhoeven J, Venema K. Effect of functional food ingredients on gut microbiota in a rodent diabetes model. Nutr Metabol. 2020;17(1): 1-9.
Haldipur AC and Srividya N. Multi-mechanistic in vitro evaluation of antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antiglycation activities of three phenolic-rich indian red rice genotypes and in silico evaluation of their phenolic metabolites. Foods. 2021; 10(11): 1-23.
Hossain U, Das AK, Ghosh S, Sil PC. An overview on the role of bioactive α-glucosidase inhibitors in ameliorating diabetic complications. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020; 145(11): 1-15.
Meng H, Xu C, Wu M, Feng Y. Effects of potato and sweet potato flour addition on properties of wheat flour and dough, and bread quality. Food Sci Nutr. 2022; 10(3): 689- 697.
AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis of Analysis of AOAC International. 20th Edition, AOAC, Gaithersbur MD, USA. 2016.p.3172.
Binalshikh-Abubkr T, Hanafiah MM, Das SK. Proximate chemical composition of dried shrimp and tilapia waste bioflocs produced by two drying methods. J Mar Sci Eng. 2021;9(2): 1-16.
Galvão MAM, Arruda AO de, Bezerra ICF, Ferreira MRA, Soares LAL. Evaluation of the Folin-Ciocalteu Method and Quantification of Total Tannins in Stem Barks and Pods from Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul) L. P. Queiroz. Braz Arch Biol Technol. 2018; 61(1): 1-20.
Dhurhania CE, Novianto A. Uji Kandungan Fenolik Total dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Berbagai Bentuk Sediaan Sarang Semut (Myrmecodia pendens). Jurnal Farmasi Dan Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia. 2019; 5(2): 62-68.
Zhang L, Yang K, Wang M, Zeng L, Sun E, Zhang F, Cao Z, Zhang X, Zhang H, Guo Z. Exploring the mechanism of Cremastra Appendiculata (SUANPANQI) against breast cancer by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Comput Biol Chem. 2021; 94(10): 1-11.
Tharise N, Julianti E, Nurminah M. Evaluation of physico- chemical and functional properties of composite flour from cassava, rice, potato, soybean and xanthan gum as alternative of wheat flour. Int Food Res J. 2014;21(4): 1641-1649.
Dunuweera AN, Nikagolla DN, Ranganathan K. Fruit Waste Substrates to Produce Single-Cell Proteins as Alternative Human Food Supplements and Animal Feeds Using Baker’s Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). J Food Qual. 2021; 2021(special issue): 1-6.
Immaculate N, Eunice AO, Grace KR. Nutritional physico- chemical composition of pumpkin pulp for value addition: Case of selected cultivars grown in Uganda. Afr J Food Sci. 2020;14(8): 233-243.
Alam MK, Rana ZH, Islam SN. Comparison of the proximate composition, total carotenoids and total polyphenol content of nine orange-fleshed sweet potato varieties grown in Bangladesh. Foods. 2016; 5(3): 1-10.
Oloniyo RO, Omoba OS, Awolu OO. Biochemical and antioxidant properties of cream and orange-fleshed sweet potato. Heliyon. 2021; 7(3): 1-7.
Otache M, Ubwa S, Godwin A. Proximate Analysis and Mineral Composition of Peels of Three Sweet Cassava Cultivars. Asian J Phy Chem Sci. 2017; 3(4): 1-10.
Rinaldo D. Carbohydrate and bioactive compounds composition of starchy tropical fruits and tubers, in relation to pre and postharvest conditions: A review. J Food Sci. 2020; 85(2): 249-259.
Haldipur AC and Srividya N. A comparative evaluation of in vitro antihyperglycemic potential of Bamboo seed rice (Bambusa arundinacea) and Garudan samba (Oryza sativa): An integrated metabolomics, enzymatic and molecular docking approach. J Cer Sci. 2021; 99(5): 1-9.
Truong VD, Avula RY, Pecota K v., Yencho GC. Sweetpotato production, processing, and nutritional quality. In: Handbook of Vegetables and Vegetable Processing: Second Edition. Vol 2-2. ; 2018. 811-837 p.
Johnson JB, Budd C, Mani JS, Brown P, Walsh KB, Naiker M. Carotenoids, ascorbic acid and total phenolic content in the root tissue from five Australian-grown sweet potato cultivars. New Zealand J Crop Horticul Sci. 2022;50(1): 32- 47.
Mutha RE, Tatiya AU, Surana SJ. Flavonoids as natural phenolic compounds and their role in therapeutics: an overview. Fut J Pharm Sci. 2021; 7(1): 1-13.
Afroz S, Fairuz S, Joty JA, Uddin MN, Rahman MA. Virtual screening of functional foods and dissecting their roles in modulating gene functions to support post COVID- 19 complications. J Food Biochem. 2021; 45(12): 1-34.
Abu-Farha M, Al-Mulla F, Thanaraj TA, Kavalakatt S, Ali H, Abdul Ghani M, Abubaker J. Impact of Diabetes in Patients Diagnosed With COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2020;11(1): 1-11.
Zabidi NA, Ishak NA, Hamid M, Ashari SE, Mohammad Latif MA. Inhibitory evaluation of Curculigo latifolia on α- glucosidase, DPP (IV) and in vitro studies in antidiabetic with molecular docking relevance to type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Enzy Inhib Med Chem. 2021;36(1): 109-121.