Erratum Distribution and Abundance of Sand Flies in Five Selected Communities in Fez, Morocco, and Impact of Climatic Factors http://www.doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i9.10
Main Article Content
Abstract
Sand flies have been identified as mechanical vectors of the protozoan leishmania, which causes the parasitic disease leishmaniasis. The disease has become a major public health issue and is directly related to the state of the environment. The paucity of information on the sand fly inventory is limiting the aspects of the vectors’ epidemiology. This study was therefore conducted to create a taxonomic inventory of sand flies from April to September 2014 and to investigate the effect of climatic factors on their distribution. Sand flies were trapped in the study area, Fez in Morocco, using sticky traps saturated with castor oil for morphological assessment and relative abundance. The trapped sand flies were identified under the microscope using the determination key established by the guide of the Moroccan Ministry of Health. The obtained data were analyzed using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method with the XLSTAT software. The results showed that Phlebotomusperniciosus was the most prevalent species (57.87%) among the 216 sand fly samples. Phlebotomus sergenti (22.22%), P. papatasi (14.82%), and P. longicuspis (5.09%) followed. Monitoring seasonal changes in sand fly species revealed a bimodal cycle with differing abundance peaks from one species to the next. A positive correlation was observed between temperature and the four species of P. perniciosus, P. sergenti, P. papatasi, and P. longicuspis. The findings of this study demonstrate that tolerance to the environmental parameters evaluated varies depending on the species. Monitoring the distribution of the sand flies will promote location-specific control campaigns against the vectors.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Ashford RW. The leishmaniases as emerging and reemerging zoonoses. Int J Parasitol. 2000; 30:1269-1281.
Kendrick Killick R, 1990. Phlebotomine vectors of leishmaniasis: a review. Laboratoire de parasitologie et mycologie, Centre hospitalo-universitaire de La-Timone, Université de la Méditerranée, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France. Med. Vet. Entomol. 1990; 4:1- 24.
WHO, control of leishmaniases, rapport of the WHO, expert committee on the control of leishmaniases, Geneve, 22-26 Mars 2010.
Dolmatova AV and Demina NA. Phlebotomines (Phlebotominae) and the diseases they transmit. ORSTOM Bull Liaison. 1971; 18:168.
Abonnenc E., 1972. The phlebotomines of the Ethiopian region (Diptera, Psychodidae). Paris: ORSTOM, Multigr (Mémoires ORSTOM; 55), 1972; 289p.
Peterson M. Maps and the Internet: An Introduction”, In Peterson M (éd), 2003, “Maps and the Internet. Elsevier. 2003; 1-16p.
Kahime K, Boussaa S, El Mzabi A and Boumezzough A. Spatial relations amongenvironmentalfactors and phlebotominesand-fly populations (Diptera:Psychodidae) in central and southern Morocco. J. Vector Ecol. 2015; 40:342- 354.
Rhajaoui M. Human leishmaniases in Morocco: a nosogeographical diversity. Pathol. Biol.2011; 59:226–229.
Ministry of Health Directorate of Epidemiology and Disease Control. Leishmaniasis control, guide of activities 1997.
Fellah H, Rhajaoui M, Ouahabi S, Belghiti D, Lyagoubi M. Occurrence of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in ZouaghaMyYacoub province (Morocco). Int J Agric Biol 2007;9:197–198.
Talbi FZ, Mrabti A, El-Akhal F, Alami A, El Omari H, Najy M, Amaiach R,Alaoui MM, Taroq A, El Khayyat F, Benboubker M,Hilali S, Taam A, El Ouali Lalami A. Influence of Basic Environmental Factors on Seasonal Variation and Distribution of Sand Flies at Ben Sliman Sites in Fez City, Morocco. Trop J Nat Prod Res. Accepted et Unpublished.
Boussaa S, Boumezzough A, Remy PE, Glasser N, Pesson B. Morphological and soenzymatic differentiation of Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotom uslongicuspis (Diptera:Psychodidae) in Southern Morocco. Acta Trop. 2008;106:184–189.
Al-Zahrani M A, Peters W, Evans DA, Chin C, Smith V, and Lane RP. Phlebotomus sergenti, a vector of Leishmania tropica in Saudi Arabia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1988; 82:416.
Bousslimi N, Rhim A, Aoun K, and Bouratbine A. First report on natural infection of Phlebotomus sergenti with Leishmania promastigotes in the cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in southeastern Tunisia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011; 85:646–647.
Pratlong F, Rioux J, Dereure J, Mahjour J, Gallego M, Guilvard E, Lanotte G, Perieres J, Martini A, Saddiki A. Leishmania tropica in Morocco. IV-Intrafocal enzyme diversity. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp. 1991; 66: 100–104.
Benikhlef R, Harrat Z, Toudjine M, Djerbouh A, Bendali- Braham S, and Belkaid M. Detection of Leishmania
infantumMON-24 in the dog. J. Trop. Med. Review of the Colonial Health Corps.2004; 64:381–383.
Faraj C, Adlaoui E, Ouahabi S, Mohamed El Kohli,1Mohamed El Rhazi,1Lhoussine Lakraa,1and Btissam Ameur. Distribution and Bionomic of Sand Flies in Five Ecologically Different Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Foci in Morocco. ISRN Epidemiology, vol. 2013, Article ID 145031, 8 pages, 2013. doi:10.5402/2013/145031
Talbi FZ, El Ouali Lalami A, Fadil M, Najy M, Ech-Chafay H, Lachhab M, Lotfi S, Nouayti N, Lahouiti K, Faraj C, Janati Idrissi A, ʺ Entomological Investigations, Seasonal Fluctuations and Impact of Bioclimate Factors of Phlebotomines Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of an Emerging Focus of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Aichoun, Central Moroccoʺ. J. Parasitol. Res. 2020; 2020:1-10. Article ID 6495108, 10 pages, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/64 95108.
El Omari H, Chahlaoui A, Talbi FZ, EL Mouhdi K, El Ouali Lalami A. Impact of Climatic Factors on the Seasonal Fluctuation of Leishmaniasis Vectors in Central Morocco (Meknes Prefecture). Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol, 2020;2020:1-7,ArticleID 6098149, 7 pages, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/20 20/6098149.
Talbi FZ, Janati Idrissi A, Fadil M, El Ouali Lalami A. Soilanalysis of potentialbreeding sites of sand flies (Diptera:Psychodidae) in Aichounlocality, central Morocco. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot, doi 10.3166/bspe-2020. 2020:1-8.
Boussaa S. Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in the region of Marrakech, Morocco:effect of urbanization on the spatio- temporal distribution of Phlebotomus and molecular characterization of their populations. PhD thesis University Louis Pasteur Strasbourg I. 2008.
Guernaoui S. Leishmaniasis in the arid and semi-arid zones of southwest Morocco. Ecology, epidemiology, modeling and decision support for vector control. Doctoral thesis. Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Marrakech. 2006
Rioux JA, Jarry DM, Lanotte G, Maazoun R, Killick- Kendrick R. Ecologie des leishmanioses dans le Sud de la France. 18. Enzymatic identification of Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908, isolated from Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir, 1921 spontaneously infested in Cevennes. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp. 1984; 59:331-333.
Galvez R, Descalzo MA, Miro G, Jimenez MI, Martin O, Dos Santos-Brandao F, GuerreroI, Cuberoa E, Molina R. Seasonal trends and spatial relations between environmental/meteorological factors and leishmaniasis sand fly vector abundances in Central Spain. Acta Trop. 2010; 115:95-102.
Guernaoui S, Boumezzough A, Pesson B, Pichon G. Entomological Investigations in Chichaoua: An Emerging Epidemic Focus of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Morocco. J. Med. Entomol. 2005; 42(4):697-701.
Boussaa S, Guernaoui S, Pesson B and Boumezzough A. Seasonal fluctuations of phlebotomine sand fly populations (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the urban area of Marrakech, Morocco. Acta Trop. 2005;95:86-91.
El-Miri H, Rhajaoui M, Himmi O, Ouahabi S, Benhoussa A & Faraj C. Entomological study of five foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the province of Sidi Kacem in northern Morocco - Annal de la Société d'entomologie de France (N.S.) : Int J of Entomol. 2013;49:154-159.
Talbi FZ, Aarab L, Faraj C, Janati Idrissi A, El Ouali Lalami A. Monitoring of Vector-borne Diseases: Investigation of Feeding Preferences of the Sand Fly, Phlebotomus perniciosus(Diptera: Psychodidae) in a Focus of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Aichoun, North center of Morocco. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2016;41:48-52.
Cross ER, Newcomb WW, Tucker CJ. Use of weather and remote sensing to predict the geographic and seasonal distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi in Southwest Asia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.1996;54:530-6.
Ghosh KN, Mukhopadhyay JM, Guzman H, Tesh RB, Munstermann LE. Interspecific hybridization of genetic variability of Phlebotomus sand flies. Med. Vet. Entomol. 1999;13:78-88.
Lahouiti K, El Ouali Lalami A, Maniar S, and Bekhti K. Seasonal fluctuations of phlebotomines sand fly populations (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Moulay Yacoub province, centre Morocco: effect of ecological factors. Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013; 7:1028–1036.
Talbi FZ, Najy M, Nouayti N, En-nkhili H, El Ouali Lalami A. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis cases and risk factors in north centralof Morocco, Sefrou province: An impact study. E3S Web of Conferences 234, 00027 (2021)https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20212340 0027 ICIES 2020;2020. 234p.
Talbi FZ, Taam A, El Omari H, Hilali S, Fadil M, El Khayyat F, Najy M, Mrani Alaoui M, El-Akhal F, Alami A, Amaiach R, Lahouiti K, Taroq A, El Ouali Lalami A, "Taxonomic and Ecological Interaction of Leishmaniasis Vectors (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sefrou Province (Middle Atlas Morocco)". Sci. World J. 2022;2022:1-7, Article ID 9382154, 7 pages, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9382154
Elnaiem DA, Hassan HK, Ward RD. Associations of Phlebotomus orientalisand other sand flies with vegetation types in the eastern Sudan focus of kala-azar. Med Vet Entomol. 1999; 13:198–203.