Impact of Environmental Factors on the Distribution of Sandflies in Different Localities of Moulay Yaâcoub Province, North Central Morocco doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i7.7
Main Article Content
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations. Sandflies are the only known vector of this disease. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the spatial distribution of sandflies and environmental factors in Moulay Yaâcoub Province, Morocco. Sandfly distribution in the study area was assessed using four factors: altitude, soil type, vegetation, and environmental hygiene. The Sandfly collection was carried out from April to October 2014, during the active period of the sandflies. Adhesive traps and miniature light traps were used in the capture. The Geographic Information System (GIS) was
employed to evaluate the distribution of sandflies based on environmental factors. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed with the XLSTAT software. The results of the study showed that a total of 3,287 sandfly specimens from the Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia genera were collected. The genus Phlebotomus accounted for 94.3% of the sandflies sampled, while the genus Sergentomyia represented 5.7%. The dominant species of sandflies in the total samples was P. papatasi, which accounted for 31.45%, followed by P. longicuspis (26.1%), P. perniciosus (19.35%), and P. sergenti (17.40%). Sergentomyia falax represented only 3.85%,
closely followed by S. antennata (0.85%), S. minuta (0.76%), and S. dreyfussi (0.24%). The findings of this study have demonstrated that the nature of the environment can favour the abundance of one species over another, depending on the species' tolerance to the four
environmental factors studied.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
WHO. Control of leishmaniasis. Technical Report Series, Report of a meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniasis, Geneva, 22–26 March 2010. [Online] Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44412/1/WHO_TRS_949_eng.pdf.
Lahouiti K, El Ouali Lalami A, Maniar S, Bekhti K. Seasonal fluctuations of phlebotomines sand fly populations (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Moulay Yaâcoub province, Centre Morocco: effect of ecological factors. Afr J Envi Sc Tech. 2013; 7(11):1028–1036.
Boussaa S, Guernaoui S, Pesson B, Boumezzough A. Seasonal fluctuations of phlebotomine sand fly populations Diptera: Psychodidae) in the urban area of Marrakech, Morocco. Act Trop. 2005; 95(2):86-91.
Guernaoui S, Boumezzough A, Laamrani A. Altitudinal structuring of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the HighAtlas Mountains (Morocco) and its relation to the risk of leishmaniasis transmission. Acta Trop. 2006; 97(3):346– 351
Ashford RW. The leishmaniasis as emerging and reemerging zoonoses. Int J Parasitol. 2000; 30(12-13):1269- 1281.
Lahouiti K, Bekhti K, Fadil M, A. El Ouali Lalami. Entomological Investigations In Moulay Yacoub, Leishmaniasis Focus In The Center Of Morocco. AJPCR. 2016; 9(6):1-5.
Rioux JA, Golvan YJ, Croset H, Houin R, Juminer B, Bain O, and Tour S. Ecology of leishmaniases in Southern France 1. Phlebotomus. Sampling – ethology. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp. 1967; 42(6):561-603.
Sudia WD and Chamberland RW. Battery operated light trap, an improved model. Mosq News 1962. 1988;4(4):536- 538
Leger N and Depaquit J. Sandflies and their role in the transmission of leishmaniasis. Rev Française Lab 2001; 338:41-48.
Floch H and Abonnenc E. Sandflies diptera of guyana and French antilles. Faune Union Fr 1957; 14:1-207.
Anon. Activities Guide. Directorate of Epidemiology and Fight Against Diseases. Parasitic Diseases Service. Morocco: Ministry of Health; 1997.
Aster GDEM, [Online] Available from: http://www.gdem.aster.ersdac.or.jp/
National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA environment) [Online] Available from: http://www.inra.org.ma
Dedet JP and Belazzoug S. Leishmaniasis in North Africa. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (Biomedical Division). 1985
Rioux JA, Akalay O, Perieres J, Dereure J, Mahjour J, Le Houérou H.N. An eco-epidemiological evaluation of the risk of leishmaniases in the Atlantic Sahara of Morocco. The predictive value of the relationship between sandflies and climate [Phlebotomus, Sergentomyia, Leishmania. Ecol Mediterr. 1997; 23 (3-4):73-92.
Kahime K, Boussaa S, El Mzabi A, Boumezzough A. Spatial relations among environmental factors and phlebotomine sand fly populations (Diptera: Psychodidae) in central and southern Morocco. J Vec Eco.2015; 40 (2):342-354.
Rioux JA, Rispail P, Lanotte G, Lepart J. Phlebotominebioclimate relationships in leishmaniasis ecology. Epidemiological corollaries. The example of Morocco. Bull Soc Bot Fr. 1984; 131(2-4):549-557.
Croset H, Rioux JA, Léger N, Houin R, Cadi Soussi M, Benmansour N, Maistre M. Sampling methods for sandfly populations in the Mediterranean region. In: Rioux, J.A. (Ed.), Ecology of leishmaniasis. CNRS, Paris. 1974. 139- 151p.
Rioux JA, Guilvard E, Dereure J, Lanotte G, Denial M, Pratlong F. « Natural infestation of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli, 1786) by Leishmania major MON-25. About 28 strains isolated in an outbreak in southern Morocco», In: Leishmania. Taxonomy and Phylogeny. Ecoepidemiological applications. Int Coll CNRS/INSERM. IMEEE, Montpellier, France. 1986: 471-480p.
WHO. Urbanization: an increasing risk factor for leishmaniasis. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2002; 77(44):365-372.
Faraj C, Adlaoui E, Ouahabi S, El Kohli M, El Rhazi M, Lakraa L, Ameur B. Distribution and bionomic of sandflies in five ecologically different cutaneous leishmaniasis foci in Morocco. ISRN Epidemiol. 2013; 1-8.
El Miri H, Rhajaoui M, Himmi O, Ouahabi S, Benhoussa A, Faraj C. Entomological study of five foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the province of Sidi Kacem in northern Morocco, Annals of the Entomological Society of France; (N.S.). Int J Ent. 2013; 1-6.
Talbi FZ, El Ouali Lalami A, Janati Idrissi A, Sebti F, Faraj C. Leishmaniasis in Central Morocco: Seasonal Fluctuations of Phlebotomine Sand Fly in Aichoun Locality, from Sefrou Province; Hindawi Publishing Corporation; Pathol Res Int. 2015; 1-4.
Bailly-Chaumara H, Abonnec E, Pastre J. Contribution to the study of the sandflies of Morocco (Diptera: Psychodidae). Faunistic and ecological data. ORSTOM notebooks, series of Ent Méd and Para IX. 1971; 4:431-460.
Rioux JA. Eco-epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Morocco: review of 30 years of cooperation. D.E.L.M. Epidemiol Bull. 1999; 37:2-10.
Yahia H, Ready PD, Hamdani A, Testa JM, Guessous IN. Regional genetic differentiation of Phlebotomus sergenti in three Moroccan foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica. Parasite. 2004; 11:189-199.
Guernaoui S and Boumezzough A. Habitat preferences of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in southwestern Morocco. J Med Entomol. 2009; 46:1187- 1194.
Talbi FZ, Sbai A, El Omari H, Najy M, El Ouali Lalami A. Spatial Relation Among Incidence of Leishmaniasis and Altitude Factor of Different Communes of Sefrou Province: Contribution of Geographic Information Systems. [Online] Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37629-1_87.
Boussaa S and Boumezzough A. Identification and characterization of sandfly breeding sites (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Marrakech (Maroc). Entomol Faunist 2014; 67:93-101.
Killick Kendrick R. Phlebotomine vectors of leishmaniasis: a review. Med Vet Ent. 1990; 4:1624.
Dedet JP, Rioux JP, Rispail P, Lanotte G, Lepart J. Phlebotomine-bioclimate relationships in leishmaniasis ecology Epidemiological corollaries. The example of Morocco, Bulletin of the Botanical Society of France. Act Bot. 1984; 131:2-4.
Berdjane-Brouk Z, Koné AK, Djimdé AA, Charrel RN, Ravel C, Delaunay P, del Giudice P, Diarra AZ, Doumbo S, Goita S, Thera MA, Depaquit J, Marty P, Doumbo OK, Izri A. First detection of Leishmania major DNA in Sergentomyia (Spelaeomyia) darlingi from cutaneous leishmaniasis foci in Mali. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7:1-5.
Boussaa S, Boumezzough A, Sibold B, Alves-Pires C, Morillas Marquez F, Glasser N, and Pesson B. Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the genus Sergentomyia in Marrakech region, Morocco. Parasitol Res. 2009; 104(5):1027-1033.