Protective Effect of Linum usitatissimum Aqueous Extract against Hepatotoxicity Induced by Monosodium Glutamate in Male Rats doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v4i7.13
Main Article Content
Abstract
Linium usitatissimum is a nutrient-rich seed and its liver function improving effect has long been studied. This study investigated the impact of Linium usitatissimum seeds extract on monosodium glutamate-induced physiological changes in albino rats. Dry seeds of Linium usitatissimum were procured in the Kerbala market in Iraq. The seeds were milled and the aqueous extract was prepared and used for the study. Forty albino rats were randomized into 4 groups of ten animals each. Group-1 (control) were orally administered 2 mL of normal saline, group-2 were orally administered with 14 mg/kg body weight of monosodium glutamate, group- 3 were orally administered with 400 mg/kg body weight of Linium usitatissimum aqueous extract, group-4 were orally administered 14 mg/kg body weight of monosodium glutamate, after 4 hours of receiving 400 mg/kg body weight of Linium usitatissimum aqueous extract, daily for 30 days. The animals were sacrificed after 30 days of treatment. Blood samples were obtained in all the groups and analyzed for hepatic function indices. There was an increase in hepatic function indices of Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) serum levels in group-2, compared to the control group-1 and group-3. The enzyme levels normalized after treatment with Linium usitatissimum aqueous extract (group-4). In conclusion, Linium usitatissimum aqueous extract affected some physiological parameters induced by monosodium glutamate. The present findings suggest that the phytochemical constituents of Linium usitatissimum such as flavonoids, alpha-linolenic acid, and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) may play a role in improving liver function.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Devasagayam TPA, Tilak JC, Boloor KK, Sane KS, Ghaskadbi SS, Lele RD. Free radicals and antioxidants in human health: current status and future prospects. J Assoc Phys India. 2004; 52:794-804.
Agu KC, Okolie NP, Falodun A, Engel-Lutz N. In vitro anticancer assessments of Annona muricata fractions and in vitro antioxidant profile of fractions and isolated acetogenin (15-acetyl guanacone). J Cancer Res Pract. 2018; 5(2):53-66.
Giannenas I, Florou-Paneri P, Papazahariadou M, Christaki E, Botsoglou NA, Spais AB. Effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on performance of broilers after experimental infection with Eimeria tenella. Arch Anim Nutr. 2003; 57(2):99-106.
Okolie NP, Israel EEJ, Falodun A. In-vitro evaluation of antioxidant potential of Rauwolfia vomitoria root extract and its inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation as indication of aphrodisiac properties. Pharm Chem J. 2011;45(8):476-480.
Anwar F and Przybylski R. Effect of solvents extraction on total phenolics and antioxidant activity of extracts from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). ACTA Sci Pol Technol Aliment. 2012; 11(3):293-302.
Bassett CMC, Rodriguez-Leyva D, Pierce GN. Experimental and clinical research findings on the cardiovascular benefits of consuming flaxseed. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2009; 34(5):965-974.
Carraro JCC, de Souza Dantas MI, Espeschit ACR, Martino HSD, Ribeiro SMR. Flaxseed and Human Health: Reviewing Benefits and Adverse Effects. Food Rev Int. 2012; 28(2):203-230.
Chen J, Power KA, Mann J, Cheng A, Thompson LU. Flaxseed alone or in combination with tamoxifen inhibits MCF-7 breast tumor growth in ovariectomized athymic mice with high circulating levels of estrogen. Exp Biol Med. 2007; 232(8):1071-1080.
Dodin S, Lemay A, Jacques H, Legare F, Forest J-C, Masse B. The effects of flaxseed dietary supplement on lipid profile, bone mineral density, and symptoms in menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, wheat germ placebo- controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90(3):1390-1397.
Kaithwas G and Majumdar DK. Effect of L. usitatissimum (flaxseed/linseed) fixed oil against distinct phases of inflammation. ISRN Inflamm. 2013; 2013:4
Oomah BD, Mazza G, Kenaschuk EO. Flavonoid content of flaxseed. Influence of cultivar and environment. Euphytica. 1996; 90(2):163-167.
Imieje VO, Zaki AA, Oseghale IO, Iheanacho CM, Fasinu PS, Khan IA, Langer P, Falodun A. Pyrenacantha staudtii Hutch and Dalz (Icacinaceae): A review of phytochemistry, pharmacology and future perspectives. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2017; 1(2):49.
Tapas AR, Sakarkar DM, Kakde RB. Flavonoids as nutraceuticals: a review. Trop J Pharm Res. 2008; 7(3):1089- 1099.
Slavova-Kazakova A, Karamać M, Kancheva V, Amarowicz R. Antioxidant activity of flaxseed extracts in lipid systems. Mol. 2016; 21(1):17.
Al-Jumaily EF and Al-Azawi AH. Hepatoprotective activity of lignan compound from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) against acetaminopheninduced hepatotoxicity in rabbits. World J Pharma Pharm Sci. 2013; 3:56-72.
El-Sayed HH, Darwish AH, Ysein EM, Zehairy GD. Biochemical and biological study on the effect of flaxseed on rats Suffer from nephropathy. J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol. 2014; 8:59-66.
Schwartz JR. In bad taste, the MSG" syndrome" MSG. In: The 5th Annual Conference of the Weston A. Price Foundation; 2004.
Freeman M. Reconsidering the effects of monosodium glutamate: a literature review. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2006; 18(10):482-486.
Shrestha S, Jha CB, Das BKL, Yadav P. Effects of Monosodium Glutamate on Liver Tissue of Wistar Albino Rats -A Histological And Biochemical Study. Int J Ther Appl. 2018; 35:68-73.
Tawfik MS and Al-Badr N. Adverse effects of monosodium glutamate on liver and kidney functions in adult rats and potential protective effect of vitamins C and E. Food Nutr Sci. 2012; 3:651-659.
Robinzon B, Snapir N, Perek M. Age dependent sensitivity to monosodium glutamate inducing brain damage in the chicken. Poult Sci. 1974; 53(4):1539-1542.
Ismail NH. Assessment of DNA damage in testes from young Wistar male rat treated with monosodium glutamate. Life Sci J. 2012; 9(1):930-939.
Clark JD, Gebhart GF, Gonder JC, Keeling ME, Kohn DF. The 1996 guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. ILAR J. 1997; 38(1):41-48.
Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey Jr GC. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. 1993.
Ahmed RR, Abdul-Hamid M, Galaly SR, Hamdalla HM. Monosodium glutamate-induced liver microscopic and biochemical changes in male rats, and the possible amendment of quercetin. Egypt J Zool. 2019; 71(71):44-55.
Walker R and Lupien JR. The safety evaluation of monosodium glutamate. J Nutr. 2000; 130(4):1049S-1052S.
Al-Ania IM, Abireda AN, Mustafab BE, Wahaba ENA, Azzubaidi MS. Effect of Flaxseed Extract on the Liver Histological Structure in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats. Int Med J Malay. 2017; 16(1):91-98.
Kassab AA. The potential protective role of flaxseed extract on ventral prostate in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes: A histological and immunohistochemical study. Egy J Histol. 2019; 42(2):425-436.
Zhang Z S, Li D, Wang L J, Ozkan N, Chen X D, Mao Z H, Yang H Z. Optimization of ethanol–water extraction of lignans from flaxseed. Sep Purif Technol. 2007; 57(1):17-24.
Danneman PJ, Stein S, Walshaw SO. Humane and practical implications of using carbon dioxide mixed with oxygen for anesthesia or euthanasia of rats. Lab Anim Sci. 1997; 47(4):376-385.
Bergmeyer HU. Glutamate-pyruvate transaminase: UV- assay, Manual method. Meth Enzym Anal. 1974; 2:752-758.
Burtis CA and Ashwood ER. Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry 3rd ed. Philadelphia, London Pub Saunders WB CO. 1999. 1250-1406 p.
Moder K. Alternatives to F-test in one way ANOVA in case of heterogeneity of variances (a simulation study). Psychol Test Assess Model. 2010; 52(4):343-353.
Alshubaily FA, Jambi EJ, Khojah SM, Balgoon MJ, Alzahrani MH. Prospective Capability of Grape Seed Oil in face with the Inverse Influence of Monosodium Glutamate on Liver and Kidneys Tasks. Aust J Basic Appl Sci. 2018; 12(6):48-52.
Al‐Mamary M, Al‐Habori M, Al‐Aghbari AM, Baker MM. Investigation into the toxicological effects of Catha edulis leaves: a short term study in animals. Phyther Res Int J Devoted to Pharmacol Toxicol Eval Nat Prod Deriv. 2002; 16(2):127-132.
El-Khayat Z, Ezzat A, Arbid M, Rasheed W, Elias T. Potential effects of bee honey and propolis against the toxicity of ochratoxin A in rats. Maced J Med Sci. 2009; 2(4):311-318.
Poli G, Cottalasso D, Pronzato MA, Chiarpotto E, Biasi F, Corongiu FP, Marinari UM, Nanni G, Dianzani MU. Lipid peroxidation and covalent binding in the early functional impairment of liver Golgi apparatus by carbon tetrachloride. Cell Biochem Funct Cell Biochem Modul Act Agents Dis. 1990; 8(1):1-10.
Boutry C, Bos C, Matsumoto H, Even P, Azzout-Marniche D, Tome D, Blachier F. Effects of monosodium glutamate supplementation on glutamine metabolism in adult rats. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2011; 3:279-290.
Abd El-Rahman NA. Effects of panax ginseng on radiation exposure mediated hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in male albino rats. Arab J Nuc Sci Appli. 2013; 46(5):236-246.
Moula A. study the effect of soy been, linum seed and sorsop extracted on hepatic enzyme of rat that induced CCl4.''The second women's scientific conference in Iraq'', December 2011. 323-340 p.
Wahba HMA and Ibrahim TAA. Protective effect of flaxseed oil and vitamin E on potassium Bromate-induced oxidative stress in male rats. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2013; 2(9):299–309.
Xu J, Rong S, Gao H, Chen C, Yang W, Deng Q, Huang Q, Xiao L, Huang F. A combination of flaxseed oil and astaxanthin improves hepatic lipid accumulation and reduces oxidative stress in high fat-diet fed rats. Nutr. 2017; 9(3):271.
Hendawi MY, Alam RTM, Abdellatief SA. Ameliorative effect of flaxseed oil against thiacloprid-induced toxicity in rats: hematological, biochemical, and histopathological study. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2016; 23(12):11855-11863.
Gonçalves NB, Bannitz RF, Silva BR, Becari DD, Poloni C, Gomes PM, Foss MC, Foss-Freitas MC. α-Linolenic acid prevents hepatic steatosis and improves glucose tolerance in mice fed with a high-fat diet. Clinics. 2018; 73:1-9.
Malik L, Tahir M, Lone KP, Latif W. Effect of flaxseed oil on lipofundin-induced hepatotoxicity in adult male albino rats. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2017; 67(6):1008-1014.
Haran W, AL-Saeed MH, AL-Masoudi EA. Study the effect of flax lignan extract of Linum usitatissimum and conjugated estrogen on physiological parameters female rats. Bas J Vet Res. 2017; 16(1):2707.
Moneim AEA. Flaxseed oil as a neuroprotective agent on lead acetate-induced monoamineric alterations and neurotoxicity in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012; 148(3):363-370.
Demirkol O, Zhang X, Ercal N. Oxidative effects of Tartrazine (CAS No. 1934-21-0) and New Coccin (CAS No. 2611-82-7) azo dyes on CHO cells. J für Verbraucherschutz und Leb. 2012; 7(3):229-236.
Djaber N, Ounaceur LS, Moubine BN, Khaldi T, Rouag M, Berrouague S, Amara H, Taibi F, Boumendjel M, Boumendjel A, Messarah M. Roundup-induced biochemical and histopathological changes in the liver and kidney of rats: the ameliorative effects of Linum usitatissimum oil. Acta Biochim Pol. 2020; 67(1):53-64
Al-Bishri WM. Favorable effects of flaxseed supplemented diet on liver and kidney functions in hypertensive Wistar rats. J Oleo Sci. 2013; 62(9):709-715.
Lee P and Prasad K. Effects of flaxseed oil on serum lipids and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 8(3):227-235.
Austria JA, Richard MN, Chahine MN, Edel AL, Malcolmson LJ, Dupasquier CMC, Pierce GN. Bioavailability of alpha-linolenic acid in subjects after ingestion of three different forms of flaxseed. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008; 27(2):214-221.
Shakir KAF and Madhusudhan B. Hypocholesterolemic and hepatoprotective effects of flaxseed chutney: Evidence from animal studies. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2007; 22(1):117.
Kaithwas G and Majumdar DK. Therapeutic effect of Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed/linseed) fixed oil on acute and chronic arthritic models in albino rats. Inflammopharmacol. 2010; 18(3):127-136.