Phytochemicals of Cynodon dactylon and the Toxicological Effect of its Aqueous Extract on Wistar Rats
doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i4.28
Keywords:
Biochemical, Cynodon dactylon, Histology, Phytochemical, ToxicologicalAbstract
Cynodon dactylon is a perennial grass used in the treatment of diseases such as diabetes, dropsy and syphilis. Phytochemicals of Cynodon dactylon and effect of its aqueous extract on some biochemical parameters of Wistar rats was evaluated. Sixteen (16) adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (1 - 4) of four rats each. Group 1 (control) was administered water only. Groups 2 - 4 were administered 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of C. dactylon respectively. Phytochemicals detected were: saponin (1.25 ± 0.01%), flavonoid (4.15 ± 0.15%), steroid (0.87 ± 0.02%), alkaloid (5.00 ± 0.01%) and tannin (1.62 ± 0.05%). After 21 days’ daily administration of the extract, there was no significant (p>0.05) difference in the relative liver weight, relative-kidney weights, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase activity (ALT), total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, creatinine and bicarbonate levels in all the groups compared to their controls. Sodium and potassium concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to their controls. Liver and kidney histology did not show visible disruption of their architecture. Aqueous extract of C. dactylon showed minimal signs of toxicity at the administered doses.
References
Shrestha PM and Dhillion SS. Medicinal plant diversity and use in the highlands of Dolakha district, Nepal. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 86 (1):81-96.
Wachtel-Galor S and Benzie IFF. Herbal Medicine: An Introduction to Its History, Usage, Regulation, Current Trends, and Research Needs in Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S (Eds.). Boca Raton FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Llc; 2011.
Savadi S, Vazifedoost M, Didar Z, Nematshahi MM, Jahed E. Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial/Antioxidant Activity of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Rhizome Methanolic Extract. J Food Qual. 2020; 2020: 1-10.
Andrade S, Ramalho MJ, Loureiro JA, Pereira MD. Natural compounds for Alzheimer’s disease therapy: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20 (9):1-41.
Al-Snafi PDAE. A review on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Coriandrum sativum. IOSR J Pharm. 2016; 6 (7):17–42.
Oudhia P and Pal AR. Rainy season medicinal weed flora in wastelands of Chamra nallah watershed area at Bagbahera. J Med Aromat Plant Sci. 2000; 22/4A & 23/1A: 444-449.
Venkatachalam D, Thavamani BS, Muddukrishniah K. Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of aerial parts of Cynodon dactylon. Int J Acad Res Dev. 2018; 3(3):116-121.
Mangathayaru K, Umadevi M, Reddy CU. Evaluation of the immunomodulatory and DNA protective activities of the shoots of Cynodon dactylon. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 123:181-184.
Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopara IC. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), 1st Edn., Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, 1999; 88p.
Auddy B, Ferreira M, Blasina F, Lafon L, Arredondo F, Dajas F. Screening of antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 84(2):131-138.
David ADM, Gupta S, Singh SN, Moses AS. Antimicrobial activity of Cynodon dactylon against MDR bacteria. J Pharm Phytochem. 2020; 9(2):34-36.
Kirtikar KK and Basu BD. Indian medicinal plants. (2nd ed.). Lali Mohan Publication, India; 1980; 2650p.
Harbone JB. Phytochemical methods. A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. Chapman and Hall Limited, London; 1973; 49-189p.
AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis. (15th ed.). Arlington, VA: Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington DC; 1990; 22-33p.
AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis. (15th Ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington DC; 2006; 375-379p.
Reitman S and Frankel SA. colormetric method for the determination of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase. Am J Clin Pathol. 1957; 28:53-56.
Rec GSC. Colorimetric Method for Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Determination. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem; 1972; 10 (20):182-184.
Weatherbun MW. Measurement of urea level in serum. Anal Chem. 1967; 39:971.
Henry RJ. Clinical chemistry, principles and techniques. (2nd Ed.). Harper and Row; 1974; 525p.
Maruna RFL. Colometric determination of sodium in human serum and plasma. Clin Chem Acta. 1958; 2:581-581.
Trinder P. Calorimetric determination of sodium in human serum and plasma. Analyst. 1951; 76:596-596.
Terri AE and Sesin PG. Determination of serum potassium by using sodium tetraphenylboro method. Am J Clin Path. 1958; 29:86.
Schoenfeld RG and Lewellen CJ. A colorimetric method for determination of serum chloride. Clin Chem. 1964; 10 (6):533-539.
Forrester RL, Walaji LJ, Silvermann DA, Pierre KJ. Enzymatic determination of CO2 in serum. Clin Chem. 1976; 22 (2):243-245.
Bancroft JD and Stevens A. Theory and practise of histological techniques. Churchill Livingstone Edinburgh London; 1990; 86p.
Osuagwu GGE and Eme CF. The phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Dialium guineense vitex doniana and Dennettia tripetala leaves. Asian J Nat Appl Sci. 2013; 2(3):69-81.
Omage K and Azeke AM. Medicinal potential of Acalypha wilkesiana leaves. Adv Res. 2014; 2 (11):655-665.
Akhbari M, Batooli H, Kashi FJ. Composition of Essential Oil and Biological Activity of Extracts of Viola Odorata L. from Central Iran. Nat Prod Res. 2012; 26 (9):802-809.
Soetan KO and Aiyelaagbe OO. The need for bioactivity‐safety evaluation and conservation of medicinal plants – A review. J Med Plant Res. 2009; 3(5):324-328.
Muriithi NJ, Maina GS, Maina MB, Kiambi MJ, Juma KK. Determination of Hematological Effects of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Vernonia lasiopus in Normal Mice. J Blood Lymph. 2015; 5:139-149.
Bailey SA, Zidell RH, Perry RW. Relationships between organ weight and body/brain weight in the rat: what is the best analytical endpoint? Toxicol Pathol. 2004; 32(4):448-466.
Timbrell J. Introduction to Toxicology. (3rd ed.) Taylor and Francis. New York London. 2002. 163-168p.
Moore KL and Dalley AF. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. (4th ed.). Lippincot Williams and Williams a woller Klumner Cooporation, Philadelphia; 1999; 263p.
Schmidt BM, Ilic N, Poulev A, Raskin I. Toxicological evaluation of a chicory root extract. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007; 45:1131-1139.
Kaid F, Alabsi AM, Alafifi N, Ali-Saeed R, Al-koshab MA, Ramanathan A, Ali AM. Histological, Biochemical, and Hematological Effects of Goniothalamin on Selective Internal Organs of Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. J Toxicol. 2019; 9(3):1-13.
Ingawale DK, Mandlik SK, Naik SR. Models of hepatotoxicity and the underlying cellular, biochemical and immunological mechanism(s): a critical discussion. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2014; 37(1)118-133.
Kwo PY, Cohen SM, Lim JK. ACG clinical guideline: evaluation of abnormal liver chemistries. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017; 112:18-35.
Oh RC and Hustead TR. Causes and evaluation of mildly elevated liver transaminase levels. Am Fam Physician. 2011; 84(9):1003-1008.
Nyblom H, Bjornsson E, Simren M, Aldenborg F, Almer S, Olsson R. The AST/ALT ratio as an indicator of cirrhosis in patients with PBC. Liver Int. 2006; 26(7):840-845.
Sharma U, Pal D, Prasad D. Alkaline phosphatase: an overview. Ind J Clin Biochem. 2014; 29(3):269-278.
Higgins C. Urea and the clinical value of measuring blood urea concentration. 2016; 1-6.
Rahn KH, Heidenreich S, Bruckner D. How to assess glomerular function and damage in humans. J Hypertens. 1999; 17:309-317.
Boone M and Deen PM. Physiology and pathophysiology of vasopressin-regulated renal reabsorption. Pflugers Arch. 2008; 456 (6):1005-1024.
Aruna D, Chakarvathy K, Sarath BK. Evaluation of diuretic activity of Cynodon dactylon in rats with comparison of Hydrochlorothiazide. Int J Res Pharm Biomed Sci. 2013; 4(2):472-473.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
