Physico-Chemical Properties, Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Adonidia merrillii Kernel Seed Oil
doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i4.22
Keywords:
Adonidia merrillii, Seed oil, GC-Mass spectrometry, Physico-chemical parameters, Antimicrobial activityAbstract
Adonidia merrillii is among the most widespread ornamental palms in the world today. However, the seed oil is not yet utilized like other seed oils, for industrial application. The aim of the study was to evaluate some selected physico-chemical parameters, chemical composition and investigate the antimicrobial potential of Adonidia Merrillii seed oil. A. merrillii seed oil was obtained by Soxhlet extraction method using n-hexane as solvent. The physicochemical parameters were determined using standard methods and the chemical composition was determined by Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometry. The antibacterial activity of the oil was evaluated against some selected food-borne microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginiosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum) using agar well diffusion method. The percentage yield obtained was 7.67±0.09%. The result for the physicochemical analysis revealed; refractive index (1.47±0.25), free fatty acids (44.09±0.53%), peroxide value (8.01±0.65 meq/kg), acid value (88.16±0.52 mg KOH/g fat), iodine value (136.90±2.43 mg I2/100g) and saponification value (376.85±2.50 mg KOH/g fat). The GC-Mass Spectrometry showed that the major components of A. merrillii seed oil were fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid (34.62%), palmitic acid (16.99%) and oleic acid (12.62%). From the antibacterial activity result, the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC) of the oil obtained was between 350 to 950 mg/mL and 950 mg/mL respectively. Hence, these results suggest that A. merrillii seed oil may perhaps be a significant spring of new oil in different industries and should be given more attention to ascertain its specific importance and application.
References
Dransfield J, Uhl NW, Asmussen-Lange CB, Baker WJ,
Harley MM, Lewis CE. Genera Palmarum - Evolution and
Classification of the Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
; 732p.
Silva RB, Silva-Júnior EV, Rodrigues LC, Andrade LHC,
da Silva SI, Harand W, Oliveira AFM. A comparative study
of nutritional composition and potential use of some
underutilized tropical fruits of Arecaceae. Ann Braz Acad
Sci. 2015; 87(3):1701-1709.
Janick J, Broschat TK, Elliott ML, Hodel DR. Ornamental
Palms: Biology and Horticulture (1st edition). 2004; 42p.
Al-Mudhafr A. Chemistry of fats and oils (Lipids); Power
Point Presentation. 2020; 1-10p.
Potter NN and Hotchkiss JH. Food Science, 5th Ed. Springer
Science & Business Media, Berlin, Germany. 2012; 143-
p.
Martin P, Danny D, Charles P. Oil for Food: The Global
Story of Edible Lipids. J World-Sys Res. 2007; 13(1):12-
Mohammad A and Syed MN. Taxonomic perspective of
plant species yielding vegetable oils used in cosmetics and
skin care products. Afr J Biotechnol. 2005; 4(1):36-44.
Darnet SH, da Silva LHM, Rodrigues AM, Lins RT.
Nutritional composition, fatty acid and tocopherol contents
of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) and patawa (Oenocarpus
bataua) fruit pulp from the Amazon region. Cienc Tecnol
Alim Campinas. 2011; 31(2):488-491.
Ali FM, Ali BE, Speight JG. Handbook of Industrial
Chemistry: Organic Chemicals. McGraw- Hill Education,
USA. 2005; 628p.
Kyari MZ. Extraction and characterization of seed oils. Int
Agrophys. 2008; 22(4):139-142.
Nzikou JM, Kimbonguila A, Matos L, Loumouamou B,
Pambou-Tobi N, Ndangui C, Desobry S. Extraction and
Characteristics of Seed Kernel Oil from Mango (Mangifera
indica). Res J Environ Earth Sci. 2010; 2(1):31-35.
Warra AA1, Wawata IG, Gunu SY1, Aujara KM.
Extraction and physicochemical analysis of some selected
Northern Nigeria Industrial oils. Arch Appl Sci Res. 2011;
(4):536-541.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC).
Official methods of analysis in foods-a review. Int J Food
Microbiol. 2004; 94(3):223-253.
Nchuma CN and Obeagu EI. Proximate and
physicochemical analysis of oil obtained from two fish
species (fresh and frozen). Int J Adv Res Biol Sci. 2018;
(4):167-177.
Tsado DB, Ndamitso MM, Ajai AI. Determination of
Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Profile of Oil
Extract of Blighia sapida Fruit from Selected Areas in
Niger State, Nigeria. Nig J Chem Res. 2018; 23(1):21-34.
Warra AA. Physico-chemical and GC/MS analysis of wild
castor (Ricinus communis L.) seed oil. Appl Sci Rep. 2015;
(3):123-128.
Cheesbroug HM. District laboratory practice in tropical
countries. (2nd edition), Cambridge University Press
Publication, South Africa. 2006; 1-434p.
Dutta R, Sarkar U, Mukherjee A. Soxhlet extraction of
Crotalaria juncea oil using cylindrical and annular packed
beds. Int J Chem Eng Appl. 2015; 6(2):130-133.
Hoffman G. Quality control in food industry, food science
and technology series of monographs, 2nd edition,
Academic Press, London. 1986; 407-504p.
Rowe RC, Sheskey PJ, Owen SC. Handbook of
pharmaceutical excipients, Pharmaceutical Press and
American Pharmacists Association (5th edition), London,
UK. 2006; 768-854p.
Sambamurthi MR, Sundram K, Tan YA. Chemistry and
biochemistry of palm oil. Prog Lipid Res. 2000; 39(6):507–
Codex Alimentarius. Codex standards for named vegetable
oils. 1999; 1(8):12-22.
Oyeleke GO, Olagunju EO, Ojo A. Functional and
physicochemical properties of watermelon (Citrullus
Lanatus) seed and seed-oil. J Appl Chem. 2012; 2(2):29-31.
Yahaya AT, Taiwo O, Shittu TR, Yahaya LE, Jayeola CO.
Investment in cashew kernel oil production; Cost and return
analysis of three processing methods. Am J Econs. 2012;
(3):45-49.
Birnin-Yauri UA and Garba S. Comparative studies on
some physicochemical properties of Baobab, Vegetable,
Peanut and Palm Oils. Nig J Basic Appl Sci. 2011;
(1):64-67.
Codex Alimentarius Commission/FAO/WHO food
standards. “Standard for named vegetable oils”, CODEXSTAN (210th edition). 2011; 13-16p.
Ngando EF, Mpondo EA, Dikotto EEL, Koona P.
Assessment of the quality of crude palm oil from small
holders in Cameroon. J Stored Prod Postharv Res. 2011;
(3):52-58
Gordon M. Fats, fatty foods, In: Ranken MD, Kill RC.
(Eds), Food Industries Manual (23rd ed.). Blackie
Academic and Professional, London. 1993; 179–186p.
Sunmonu MO, Ajala EO, Odewole MM, Morrison S, Alabi
AM. Comparative Analysis of Physico-Chemical Properties
of Oil Extract from Two Varieties of Fluted Pumpkin Seeds
Using Different Extraction Methods. J Sci Engineer
Technol. 2017; 13(2):48-60.
Akintayo ET. Characteristics and composition of Parkia
biglobbossa and Jatropha curcas oils and cakes. Bioresour
Technol. 2004; 92(6):307-310.
Engler CR and Johnson LA. Effects of processing and
chemical characteristics of plant oils on performance of an
indirect-injection diesel engine. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1983;
(8):1592–1596.
Auwal A, Edward K, Abdulhamid H. Extraction and
Characterization of Landolphia Seed Oil. Adv Appl Sci
Res. 2010; 1(3):265-268.
Aurand LW, Wood AE, Wells MR. Food composition and
analysis. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1987; 20-
:181-220.
Nielson SS. Introduction to the chemical analysis of foods.
Chapman and Hall. New York. 1994; 93-207p.
Weiss TJ. Physical and chemical properties of fats and oils.
In food oils and their uses. AVI Publ. Co. Inc.
Westport.com. USA (2nd ed). 1983; 5–84p.
Ngando-Ebongue GF, Mpondo-Mpondo EA, Ewane MA.
Some quality parameters of crude palm oil from major
markets of Douala, Cameroon. Afr J Food Sci. 2013;
(12):473-478.
Aremu MO, Ibrahim H, Bamidele TO. Physicochemical
Characteristics of the Oils Extracted from Some Nigerian
Plant Foods – Rev Chem Proc Eng Res. 2015; 32(5)36-51.
Abayeh OM, Garba IH, Adamu HM, Abayeh OJ. Quality
Characteristics of Luffa aegyptiaca Seed Oil. Int Sci
Engineer Res. 2015; 4(4):11-15.
Aremu MO, Olaofe O, Akintayo ET. Chemical composition
and physicochemical characteristics of two varieties of
bambara groundnut (Vigna subterrenea) flours. J Appl
Sci.2006; 6(9):1900-1903.
Kochhar SL. Economic Botany in the Tropics. (2nd Ed.).
Macmillan India Ltd, 1998; 354-355p.
Eze SOO. Physicochemical Properties of Oil from some
Selected Underutilized Oil Seeds available for Biodiesel
Preparation, Afr J Biotechnol. 2012; 11(42):10003-10007.
Oderinde KA, Ajayi IA, Adewuyi A. Characterization of
Seed and Seeds oil of Hura crepitans and the Kinetics of
Degradation of the Oil during Heating. Electron J Environ
Agric Food Chem. 2009; 8(3):201-208.
Diezel WE, Schulz E, Skanks M, Heise H. Plant oils:
Topical application and anti-inflammatory effects (croton
oil test). Dermatol Monthly. 1993; 179:173-176.
Letawe C, Boone M, Pierard GE. Digital image analysis of
the effect of topically applied linoleic acid on acne
microcomedones. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1998; 23(2):56–58.
Ando H, Ryu A, Hashimoto A, Oka M. Ichihashi. Linoleic
acid and α-linolenic acid lightens ultraviolet-induced
hyperpigmentation of the skin. Arch Dermatol Res. 1998;
(7):375-381.
Pande G and Akoh CC. Enzymatic modification of lipids
for trans-free margarine. Lip Technol. 2013; 25:31–33.
Akoh CC and Min DB. Food lipids: chemistry, nutrition,
and biotechnology (3rd edition). 2008; 234p.
German JB and Dillard CJ. Saturated fats: A perspective
from lactation and Milkcomposition. Lipids. 2010;
(10):915-923.
Omowanle J, Ayo RJ, Habila J, Ilekhaize J, Adegbe EA.
Physico-Chemical and Gc-Ms Analysis of Some Selected
Plant Seed Oils; Castor, Neem and Rubber Seed Oils. FUW
Trends Sci Technol J. 2018; 3(2):644-651.
Alaluf S, HU H-L, Green MR, Powell JR, Rawlings AV,
Rogers JS, Watkins A, Cain FW. Cosmetic use of
petroselinic acid. Eur Pat Off. 1999; 1(13):178.
Barrett KE, Green MR, HU H-L, Parmar P, Powell JR,
Rawlings AV. Skin care composition. US Pat. 2000;
(455):057.
Weinkauf R, Santhanam U, Palanker LR, Januario TG,
Brinker A. Petroselenic acid as an anti-irritant in
compositions containing alpha hydroxyl acids. US Pat.
; 6(22):896-902.
Jans-Joachim, H. Handbook of GC/MS; Fundamental and
Applications, (2nd Ed.). Wiley Publisher. 2009; 35-36 p.
Loudon GM. Organic chemistry, (4th edition). Oxford
University press. 2002; 366-369p.
Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic
susceptibility testing by standardized single disc method.
Am J Clin Pathol.1996; 45(4):493-496.
Tsuchida M and Morishlta Y. Antibacterial activity and
bacterial degradation of linoleic acid hydroperoxide.
Bifidobacteria microflora. 1995; 14(6):67-74.
Kabara JJ, Swieczkowski DM, Conley AJ, Tuant JP. Fatty
acids and derivatives as antimicrobial agents. Antim Agents
Chem. 1972; 2(1):23-28.
Dilika F, Bremner PD, Meyer JJ. Antibacterial activity of
linoleic and oleic acids isolated from Helichrysum
pedunculatum: a plant used during circumcision rites.
Phytother. 2000; 71(4):450-452.
McGraw LJ, Jager AK, Van Staden J. Isolation of
antibacterial fatty acids from Schotia brachypetala.
Phytother. 2002; 73(3):431-433.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
