Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Three Vegetables Consumed in Lagos, South-West Nigeria doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v4i1.3
Main Article Content
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination of vegetables is suspected to contribute to the global expansion of chronic diseases, necessitating safety evaluation of all vegetables. This study assessed the safety of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) in moringa (Moringa oleifera), fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) sold in Ketu, Ikorodu and Ogba markets in Lagos. After atomic absorption spectroscopy, the daily intake of metals (DIM), the Health Risk Index (HRI), and the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) of the vegetables were determined. The results showed that the metals were within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. The vegetables from Ogba were the most contaminated, while Ketu were the least. The DIM of Cd from M. oleifera and H. sabdariffa as well as Pb through the consumption of all the vegetables exceeded the recommended limits. These showed that consumption of the three vegetables may predispose consumers to Pb and Cd toxicities. However, only Cd in H. sabdariffa and Pb in T. occidentalis had HRI of 1 and 2, respectively, which specifically indicated the potential toxicity of the two vegetables regarding Cd and Pb. But the THQ of Cd and Pb is less than 1, indicating that the vegetables may not induce a serious health problem in residents within the average life span of Nigerians (54 years). Overall, the results obtained showed that the three vegetables are not entirely safe. Therefore, there is a need to remove all sources of vegetable contamination in the studied areas.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Järup L. Hazards of Heavy Metal Contamination. Br Med Bull. 2003; 68:167-179.
Ansari TM, Marr LL, Tariq N. Heavy Metals in Marine Pollution Perspective–A Mini Review. J Appl Sci. 2004; 4:1-20.
Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. Heavy metal toxicity and environment. Exp Suppl. 2012; 101:133– 164.
He ZL, Yang XE, Stoffella PJ. Trace elements in agroecosystems and impacts on the Environment. J Trace Elem Med Bio. 2005; 19 (2-3):125-40.
Anyanwu BO, Ezejiofor AN, Igweze ZN, Orisakwe OE. Heavy Metal Mixture Exposure and Effects in Developing Nations: An Update. Toxic. 2018; 6 (4): 65-98.
Wu X, Cobbina SJ, Mao G, Xu H, Zhang Z, Yang L. A review of toxicity and mechanisms of individual and mixtures of heavy metals in the environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016; 23(9):8244-8259.
Slavin JL and Lloyd B. Health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Adv Nutr (Bethesda, Md.). 2012; 3(4):506–516.
Amao I. Health Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables: Review from Sub-Saharan Africa, Vegetables - Importance of Quality Vegetables to Human Health, Md. Asaduzzaman and Toshiki Asao, IntechOpen. 2018; 3: 33-52.
Onakpa MM, Njan AA, Kalu O C. A Review of Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops in Nigeria. Ann Glob Health. 2018; 84 (3):488–494.
Latif A, Bila lM, Asghar W, Azeem M, Ahmad MI, Abbas A, Ahmad MZ, Shahzad T. Heavy Metal Accumulation in Vegetables and Assessment of their Potential Health Risk. J Environ An Che. 2018; 5: 234-240.
Ali MHH and Al-Qahtania KM. Assessment of some heavy metals in vegetables, cereals and fruits in Saudi Arabian markets. Egypt J Aquat Res. 2012; 38 (1): 31-37.
Turkdogan MK, Kilicel F, Kara K, Tuncer I. Heavy metals in soil, vegetables and fruits in the endemic upper gastrointestinal cancer region of Turkey. Environ Toxicol Phar. 2002; 13:175-179.
Tasrina RC, Rowshon A, Mustafizur AMR, Rafiqul I, Ali MP. Heavy Metals Contamination in Vegetables and its Growing Soil. J Environ An Ch. 2015; 2:142.
Adu AA, Aderinola OJ, Kusemiju V. Assessment of Trace Metal Levels in CommonlyEdible Vegetables from Selected Markets in Lagos State, Nigeria. Curr World Environ. 2014; 9 (3):789-796.
Osundiya MO, Ayejuyo OO, Olowu RA, Bamgboye OA, Ogunlola AO. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in frequently consumed leafy vegetable grown along Nigeria- Benin Seme Border, West Africa. Adv Appl Sci Res. 2014; 5(1):1-7.
Ladipo MK and Doherty VF. Heavy metal levels in vegetables from selected markets in Lagos, Nigeria. Afr J Food Sci Technol. 2011; 2 (1): 018-021.
Ekundayo JMO. Out of Africa: Fashola: Reinventing Servant Leadership to Engender Nigeria's Transformation. AuthorHouse, 2013; p. 135.
Ahmed N, Singh J, Chauhan H, Gupta P, Anjum A, Kour H. Different Drying Methods: Their Applications and Recent Advances. Int J Food Nutr Saf. 2013; 4(1): 34-42.
Rodrigues FM, Rodrigues-Castellon E. Lead and cadmium levels in soil and plants near highways and their correlation with traffic density. Environ Pollut Ser. B. 1982; 4: 281-290.
Yusuf KA, Oluwole SO. Heavy Metal (Cu, Zn, Pb) Contamination of Vegetables in Urban City: A Case Study in Lagos. Res J Environ Sci. 2009; 3: 292-298.
Chary NS, Kamala CT, Raj DSS. Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotox Environ Safe. 2008; 69: 513–524.
Jan FA, Ishaq M, Khan S, Ihsanullah I, Ahmad I, Shakirullah M. A comparative study of human health risks via consumption of food crops grown on wastewater irrigated soil (Peshawar) and relatively clean water irrigated soil (lower Dir). J Hazard Mater. 2010; 179: 612–621.
Wang X, Sato T, Xing B, Tao S. Health risks of heavy metals to the general public in Tianjin, China via consumption of vegetables and fish. Sci Total Environ. 2005; 350: 28–37.
Storelli MM. Potential human health risks from metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) via seafood consumption: Estimation of target hazard quotients (THQs) and toxic equivalents (TEQs). Food Chem and Toxicol. 2008; 46: 2782–2788.
Sajjad K, Robina F, Shagufta S, Mohammad A, Maria S. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals for Population via Consumption of Vegetables. World Appl Sci J. 2009; 6: 1602-1606.
Oguntona T. Green Leafy Vegetables. In: Osagie, A.U. and O.U. Eka (Eds.). Nutritional Quality of Plant Foods. Post Harvest Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry,University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, 1998. 120-133 p.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk Information System. [Online] 2006 [cited 2019 June 6]. Available from http://www.epa. Gov/iris/subst
Javed M and Usmani N. Accumulation of heavy metals and human health risk assessment via the consumption of freshwater fish Mastacembelus armatus inhabiting, thermal power plant effluent loaded canal. Springerplus. 2016; 5(1): 776.
Atayese MO, Eigbadon AI, Oluwa KA, Adesodun JK. Heavy Metal Contamination of Amaranthus Grown Along Major Highways in Lagos, Nigeria. Afri Crop Sci J. 2009; 16 (4): 225 – 235.
Ogunkunle ATJ, Bello OS, Ojofeitimi OS. Determination of heavy metal contamination of street-vended fruits and vegetables in Lagos state, Nigeria. Int Food Res J. 2014; 21(5): 1725-1730.
Lokeshwari H, Chandrappa GT. Impact of heavy metal contamination of Bellandur Lake on soil and Cultivated vegetation. Curr. Sci. 2006; 91 (5):622-627.
Banerjee D, Bairagi H, Mukhopadhyay S, Pal A, Bera D, Ray L. Heavy Metal Contamination in Fruits and Vegetables in Two Districts of West Bengal, India. EJEAFChe, 2010; 9 (9):1423-1432.
World Health Organization. International Program on Chemical Safety. [Online] 2014 [Cited 2019 June 6]. Available from
http://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/chemical s_phc/en/.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Lead Toxicity What Are Possible Health Effects from Lead Exposure? [Online] 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 18]. Available from https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=34&po=1 0
World Health Organization (2019). Lead poisoning and health. [Online] 2019 [cited June 10] Available from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead- poisoning-
Rahimzadeh MR, Kazemi S, Moghadamnia A. Cadmium toxicity and treatment: An update. Caspian J Intern Med. 2017; 8(3): 135–145.
World Health Organization. International Programme on Chemical Safety; Cadmium. [Online] 2020 [Cited 2020 Jan 18]. Available from https://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/cadmiu m/en/.
Food and Drug Administration. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Report of the Panel on Micronutrients. National Academy Press, Washington, DC Food and Drug Administration, Dietary supplements, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 2001.