Biological Actions of Peronema canescens Jack on the Properties of Alginate and Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus contamination in dental impression materials, such as alginate, presents significant challenges in clinical settings. These include reduced material integrity, elevated infection risks, and decreased procedural accuracy, especially in immunocompromised patients. Conventional disinfection methods may be insufficient against biofilm-forming bacteria, prompting the exploration of natural antimicrobials as safer alternatives. This study investigated the effects of Peronema canescens Jack extract on the physical properties of alginate and the virulence of S. aureus, including growth and biofilm formation. Thirty-six alginate samples were divided into six treatment groups, with the extract applied as a spray at concentrations of 0.5% and 1%. Bacterial growth was assessed spectrophotometrically (OD 620 nm), porosity was examined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and surface texture was analyzed using a texture analyzer. Biofilm formation was evaluated using a 1% crystal violet assay and visualized under light microscopy. The 0.5% extract concentration exhibited the highest bacteriostatic activity (OD 0.08, <300 CFU/mL), effectively reducing S. aureus growth and biofilm mass. It also preserved the physical integrity of alginate by minimizing porosity and maintaining a smoother surface. These effects were comparable to those of 0.2% chlorhexidine. In conclusion, P. canescens Jack extract at 0.5% demonstrated a significant reduction in S. aureus biofilm mass, while effectively preserving alginate porosity and surface texture, supporting its application as a biocompatible antimicrobial agent in dental impression materials.