Effects of Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) Residue on Blood Urea Nitrogen and Creatinine Levels and Kidney Histopathology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v9i8.62Keywords:
Toxicity, Subchronic, Kidney, Creatinine, Blood urea nitrogenAbstract
Amorphophallus oncophyllus contains glucomannan, a bioactive polysaccharide. However, it has a high calcium oxalate content, posing potential health hazards. Treatment of A. oncophyllus with Strobilanthes crispus ethanol macerates (PMS) reduced the calcium oxalate levels. A 28-day subchronic toxicity test was conducted to assess the impact of PMS on blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and kidney histology. Twenty-four male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were split into 4 groups: the control that did not receive any PMS, and the treatment groups that received PMS of 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg⋅kg-1 body weight. The rats were observed daily for toxic symptoms. Their blood was analyzed for BUN and creatinine levels, and hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to access the kidney’s histopathology. The administration of PMS showed no symptoms of toxicity but resulted in increased BUN and creatinine levels, indicating a decline in kidney function. This finding is consistent with the histopathological results, which showed kidney damage, particularly interstitial nephritis and tubular epithelial necrosis, that may be attributed to the presence of calcium oxalate in raw A. oncophyllus.
References
Devaraj RD, Reddy CK, Xu B. Health-promoting effects of konjac glucomannan and its practical applications: A critical review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019; 126:273–281.
Harmayani E, Aprilia V, Marsono Y. Characterization of glucomannan from Amorphophallus oncophyllus and its prebiotic activity in vivo. Carbohydr Polym. 2014; 112:475-479.
Li JY, Sun F, Zhou HF, Yang J, Huang C, Fan H. A systematic review exploring the anticancer activity and mechanisms of glucomannan. Front Pharmacol. 2019; 10:1–9.
A’yun RQ, Hasanah U, Hadi H, Mustofa M, Nurinda E, Kurniasari Y, Aprilia V. Acute toxicity study of porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) flour macerated with Strobilanthes crispus in wistar rats. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2021; 9(A):976–981.
Kumoro AC, Amyranti M, Retnowati DS, Ratnawati R. Browning prevention of chips from freshly harvested porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) tubers through immersion in ascorbic acid solutions at various times. J Phys Conf Ser. 2019; 1295(1):1–6.
Maula FR, Izzuddin FM, Puspita NF, Qadariyah L. Production of low calcium oxalate flour from porang tubers (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) using a combination of physical and chemical processes. J Tek ITS. 2023; 12(1):27–33.
Astuti RD, Prastowo A, Aprilia V. Porang flour (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) with and without soaking of keji beling extract increases the value of ureum on toxicity test in wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus). Indones J Nutr Diet. 2017; 5(3):93–97.
Ernawati E, Aprilia V, Pangastuti R. The increase of blood creatinine levels and the gastric histopathology of rat after feeding of porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) flour treated with Strobilanthes crispa. Indones J Nutr Diet. 2018; 6(3):113–121.
Mazumder A, Das S, Chandel S. Role of flavonoids in the treatment of urolithiasis : a challenging herbal approach. J Nutr Rem. 2023; 23(4):1238-1253.
Ebrahimi M, Yasseri AF, Baghdadabad LZ, Pakseresht BK, Khoshchehreh M, Namazi A. The impact of potassium citrate on the kidney stones treatment in rat. Transl Res Urol. 2021; 3(4):176–181.
Nugroho DS, Ulya LF, Aprilia V. Antioxidant activities of Strobilanthes crispus leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. in The 3rd International Symposium toward Halal Global 2019; (Institute for Halal Industry and System, 2019).
Aprilia V, Nurinda E, Alpina L, Hadi H, Ariftiyana S KY. Reduction procedure of calcium oxalate in porang flour by maceration of Strobilanthes crispa. Indonesia Patent. 2020.
The Indonesian Food and Drug Authority. Food and drug monitoring agency regulation no. 7 of 2014 concerning guidelines for in vivo nonclinical toxicity tests. Jakarta: 2014; The Indonesian Food and Drug Authority; 2014.
Richter B, Sulzgruber P, Koller L, Steininger M, El-Hamid F, Rothgerber DJ, Forster S, Goliasch G, Silbert BI, Meyer EL, Hengstenberg C, Wojta J, Niessner A. Blood urea nitrogen has additive value beyond estimated glomerular filtration rate for prediction of long-term mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Intern Med. 2019; 59:84–90.
Javaid A, Zafar S, Khattak M, Khan F, Wadud S. Effects of administration of Taraxacum officinale’s extract on renal parameters in cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in albino mice. Khyber Med Univ J. 2019; 11(3):156–159.
OECD. Test guideline No. 129: guidance document on using cytotoxicity test to estimate starting doses for acute oral systemic toxicity tests. OECD Guidel Test Chem. 2010; 129:1–54.
Donowarti I, Widjanarko SB, Yunianta Y, Pudjiastuti P. Acute toxicity test of low calcium oxalate porang (Amorphophallus mueleri Blume) flour. Iraqi J Agric Sci. 2021; 52(1):218–231.
Lim KT, Lim V, Chin JH. Subacute oral toxicity study of ethanolic leaves extracts of Strobilanthes crispus in rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012; 2(12):948–952.
Ali AM, Gabbar MA, Abdel-twab SM, Fahmy EM, Ebaid H, Alhazza IM, Ahmed OM. Antidiabetic potency, antioxidant effects, and mode of actions of citrus reticulata fruit peel hydroethanolic extract, hesperidin, and quercetin in nicotinamide/streptozotocin-induced wistar diabetic rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020:1-20.
Li X, Zheng S, Wu G. Amino acid metabolism in the kidneys: nutritional and physiological significance. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020; 1265:71–95.
Xu X, Zhu R, Ying J, Zhao M, Wu X, Cao G, Wang K. Nephrotoxicity of herbal medicine and its prevention. Front Pharmacol. 2020; 11:1–15.
Geffen D. Serum chemistry reference range - rat. Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, UCLA 2013; 1–310.
Rumi A, Radi NM. The evaluation of increased serum creatinine due to the use of acei therapy on hypertension patients in Undata Hospital, Palu, Central Sulawesi Province. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2020; 13(7):105–108.
Ishtiaq A, Ijaz MU, Ehsan N, Imran M, Naz H, Alvi K, Zhu G. Therapeutic effect of oroxylin a against bisphenol a-induced kidney damage in rats: a histological and biochemical study. Pak Vet J. 2022; 42(4):511–516.
Anuforo PC, Egbuonu ACC, Egu EU. Terminalia catappa flour extract mitigated monosodium glutamate intoxicated rats’ kidney biofunction and histology. J Phytopharm. 2020; 9(3):164–168.
Nnadozie JO, Chijioke UO, Okafor OC, Olusina DB, Oli AN, Nwonu PC, Mbagwu HO, Chijioke CP. Chronic toxicity of low dose monosodium glutamate in albino Wistar rats. BMC Res Notes. 2019; 12(1):1–7.
Yildirim S, Ekin S, Huyut Z, Oto G, Comba A, Uyar H, Sengul E, Cinar DA. Effect of chronic exposure to sodium fluoride and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene on some blood parameters and hepatic, renal, and cardiac histopathology in rats. Fluoride. 2018; 51(3):278–290.
Darmayanti MD, Samsuri S, Setiasih NLE, Berata IK. Kidney histopathological alteration of white rats after 21 days consumed tape yeast. Indones Med Veterinus. 2020; 9(6):889–899.
Victor PD, Ordu KS, Ajie PC, Okpara EP, Ogari TB, E. R, Nonju II, Ekokodje JW, Wami-Amadi CF. The effects of ethanolic extract of premature Musa paradisiaca (plantain) pulp on the reproductive system of female Wistar rats. Int J Med Sci Clin Res Stud. 2023; 3(3):808–812.
Zhao Y, Jayachandran M, Xu B. In vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of soluble dietary fiber Konjac glucomannan in type-2 diabetic rats. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020; 159:1186–1196.
Koh RY, Lim FP, Ling LSY, Ng CPL, Liew SF, Yew MY, Tiong YL, Ling APK, Chye SM, Ng KY. Anticancer mechanisms of Strobilanthes crispa Blume hexane extract on liver and breast cancer cell lines. Oncol Lett. 2017; 14(4):4957–4964
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
