Evaluation of Garcinia cowa Leaf Extract as A Potential Anticancer Agent: Cytotoxicity, Selectivity, and Apoptotic Effects on MCF-7/HER-2 Cells
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Abstract
The global burden of cancer highlights the urgent need for therapeutic agents that are both effective and selective, with natural plant-derived compounds offering promising medicinal potential.This study aims to evaluate the anticancer potential of Garcinia cowa Roxb. leaf extract, a plant known for its medicinal properties, especially the cytotoxic effect, cell cycle inhibition, apoptosis in MCF-7/HER-2 breast cancer cell lines, and selectivity against normal Vero cells. The cytotoxic activity of G. cowa leaf extract against MCF-7/HER-2 cell lines was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Flow cytometry was conducted at the extract’s IC50 concentration for cell cycle modulation and apoptosis analysis, and the results were analysed using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer. G. cowa leaf extract demonstrated strong cytotoxic activity with an IC50 of 15.68 μg/mL against MCF-7/HER-2 cell lines and 303.6 μg/mL against normal Vero cells, yielding a selectivity index above 3. The extract significantly altered the MCF-7/HER-2 cell cycle, reducing G0-G1 phase cells from 38.1% to 29.9% and increasing the S phase (7.5% to 9.7%) and G2-M phase (49.5% to 55.3%), indicating cell cycle arrest. Additionally, the extract reduced early apoptosis from 5.5% to 2.7% and increased late apoptosis from 5.4% to 12.2%, while necrosis rose from 3.8% to 14.6%, reflecting enhanced apoptosis, necrosis, and cell accumulation in the S and G2-M phases. G. cowa leaf extract showed strong anticancer potential against MCF-7/HER-2 cells by disrupting the cell cycle and promoting apoptosis and necrosis, with high selectivity for cancer cells.
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