Assessment of Analgesic, Antioxidant, and Anti-inflammatory potential of Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Seed solvent fractions on Swiss albino Animal Model
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Citrus maxima has been utilized in folk medicine for its various pharmacological characteristics. In-vivoandin-vitroresearchhave been conducted on the methanolic extract of seed. Thus, there is a possibility that some bioactive substances maybe present in the methanolic solvent fractions. N-hexane and dichloromethane were used to fractionate the crude methanolic extract. The objective was to analyze the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potentials of the dichloromethane (DMS) & n-hexane (NHS) fractions. The writhing test by inducing acetic acidand paw-licking methodbyinducingformalinwere utilized to evaluate the analgesic potential. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay were used to measure the antioxidant effect. The paw edema test inducing formalinand carrageenan utilized for assessing the anti-inflammatory efficacy. NHS showed a significance in decreasing the writhing andconsidered to have significant analgesic effect. Compared to the higher (400 mg/kg) dose (**P<0.01), the lower (200 mg/kg) dose had a smaller effect (***P<0.001). At lower doses, DMS demonstrated a minor effect (**P<0.01) and at higher doses, a moderate effect on writhing reduction. NHS demonstrated a lower concentration-dependent scavenging potential of free radicals. At higher concentrations, DMS had a strong antioxidant activity with IC50valuesignificantly lower than that of NHS. In a dose-dependent way, NHS exhibited a considerable high potential (**P<0.01) in reducing paw edema. The current study may provideevidence that the methanolic fractions of seeds could serve as a viable replacement for naturally occurring analgesic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory substances.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Cooper R, Che C-T, Mok DK-W, Tsang CW-Y. Chinese and botanical medicines: traditional uses and modern scientific approaches: 1st edition. CRC Press; 2017.
Falodun A, Okunrobo L, Uzoamaka N. Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory evaluation of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Euphorbia heterophylla Linn (Euphorbiaceae). Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2006; 5(6):529-531
Mssillou I, Agour A, Slighoua M, Tourabi M, Nouioura G, Lyoussi B, Derwich E. Phytochemical characterization, antioxidant activity and in vitro investigation of antimicrobial potential of Dittrichia viscosa L. leaf extracts against nosocomial infections. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2022; 42(6):661-669
Jain SK . Standardization & Safety Measures: Quality-Based Validation of Herbal Medicine. Int J Pharmacogn Chinese Med 2019, 3(4): 000182.
Sapkota B, Devkota HP, Poudel P. Citrus maxima (Brum.) Merr.(Rutaceae): bioactive chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022; 2022:8741669.
Ahamed MH, Ibrahim M, Al Faruq A, Shahadat S, Tasneem MZ, Kuddus MR, Sikder MAA, Rashid MA. Exploration of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potentials of Canarium resiniferum Bruce ex King, an Endangered Medicinal Plant of Bangladesh: Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2021;5(5):831-837.
Gaikwad K, Haldavanekar P, Parulekar Y, Haldankar P. Survey and characterization of pummelo genotypes (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) grown in coastal region of Maharashtra. Ecoscan. 2015;8:371-380.
Ahsan MT, Maria NN, Tahmida U, Jasmin AA, Chowdhury DUS. Anxiolytic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Seed extract in Swiss albino mice model. Clin. phytosci. 2023; 9(1):2.
Nazeer A, Shenoym A, Hegde K, Shabaraya A. Citrus maxima: A Brief Review on the World’s Largest Citrus Fruit. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2022; 74(1):91-95.
Tocmo R, Pena-Fronteras J, Calumba KF, Mendoza M, Johnson J. Valorization of pomelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) peel: A review of current utilization, phytochemistry, bioactivities, and mechanisms of action. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2020;1—19.
Singh A, Navneet. Citrus maxima (Burm.)Merr. A Traditional Medicine: Its Antimicrobial Potential And Pharmacological Update For Commercial Exploitation in Herbal Drugs – A Review. Int. J. Chemtech Res. 2017; 10 (5):642-651.
Maria NN, Kundu S, Nahar N, Begum T, Rahman MNA, Sulaiman WMAB, Azad AK. In-vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic and anthelmintic activity of liminon and nomilin containing methanol extracts of Citrus maxima seeds. World J. of Pharm. Sci. & Res. 2024; 3(4):184–197.
Starkey LS. Introduction to Strategies for Organic Synthesis: John Wiley & Sons; 2018.
Danladi S, Alhassan AM, Sule MI, Musa AM, Yaro AH. Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Globimetula braunii (Loranthaceae): A Review. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2022; 6(9).
Jais AMM, Dambisya YM, Lee T-L. Antinociceptive activity of Channa striatus (haruan) extracts in mice. Jour of Ethnopharm. 1997;57(2):125-130.
Gupta AK, Parasar D, Sagar A, Choudhary V, Chopra BS, Garg R, Ashish, Khatri N. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of gelsolin in acetic acid induced writhing, tail immersion and carrageenan induced paw edema in mice. PloS one. 2015;10(8):e0135558.
Hassanpour S, Rezaei H, Razavi SM. Anti-nociceptive and antioxidant activity of betaine on formalin-and writhing tests induced pain in mice. Behavioural brain res. 2020; 390:112699.
Akhter M, Arefin S, Acharyya RN, Akter H, Jahan S, Rajbangshi JC. Evaluation of Analgesic, CNS depressant and antidiarrhoeal activities of Psidium guineense leaf extract: Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2021; 5(3):460-464.
Hunskaar S, Hole K. The formalin test in mice: dissociation between inflammatory and non-inflammatory pain. Pain. 1987;30(1):103-114.
Irawan C, Sulistiawaty L, Rochaeni H, Lestari PS. Evaluation of DPPH free radical scavenging activity of Pometia pinnata from Indonesia. The Pharma Innovation. 2017;6(8):403.
Granato D, Shahidi F, Wrolstad R, Kilmartin P, Melton LD, Hidalgo FJ, Miyashita K, Van camp J, Alasalvar C, Ismail AB, Elmore S. Antioxidant activity, total phenolics and flavonoids contents: Should we ban in vitro screening methods? Food chem. 2018; 264:471-475.
Keser S, Celik S, Turkoglu S, Yilmaz O, Turkoglu I. Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging and total antioxidant activity of hawthorn. Chem J. 2012; 2(1):9-12.
Sowa I, Paduch R, Strzemski M, Zielińska S, Rydzik-Strzemska E, Sawicki J, Kocjan R, Polkowski J, Matkowski A, Latalski M, Wójciak-Kosior M . Proliferative and antioxidant activity of root extract. Natural Prod Res. 2018; 32(5):605-609.
Chapman CR, Vierck CJ. The transition of acute postoperative pain to chronic pain: an integrative overview of research on mechanisms. Pain. 2017;18(4):359. e1-. e38.
Patil KR, Mahajan UB, Unger BS, Goyal SN, Belemkar S, Surana SJ, Ojha S, Patil CR . Animal models of inflammation for screening of anti-inflammatory drugs: implications for the discovery and development of phytopharmaceuticals. Int. J.Mol Sci. 2019; 20(18):4367.
Ou Z, Zhao J, Zhu L, Huang L, Ma Y, Ma C, Luo C, Zhu Z, Yuan Z, Wu J, Li R, Yi. Anti-inflammatory effect and potential mechanism of betulinic acid on λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019;118:109347.
Subedi NK, Rahman SA, Akbar MA. Analgesic and antipyretic activities of methanol extract and its fraction from the root of Schoenoplectus grossus. Ev‐Based Comp and Alt Med. 2016;2016(1):3820704.
Tripathi K. Essentials of medical pharmacology: 7th edition. JP Medical Ltd; 2013.
Cardia GFE, Silva-Filho SE, Silva EL, Uchida NS, Cavalcante HAO, Cassarotti LL, Salvadego VE, Spironello RA, Bersani-Amado CA, Cuman RK . Effect of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil on acute inflammatory response. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018(1):1413940.
Velu V, Banerjee S, Radhakrishnan V, Gupta G, Chellappan DK, Fuloria NK, Fuloria S, Mehta M, Dua K, Malipeddi Hl. Identification of phytoconstituents of Tragia involucrata leaf extracts and evaluate their correlation with anti-inflammatory & antioxidant properties. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2021;20(3):308-315.
Georgieva A, Popov G, Shkondrov A, Toshkova R, Krasteva I, Kondeva-Burdina M,Manov V Antiproliferative and antitumour activity of saponins from Astragalus glycyphyllos on myeloid Graffi tumour. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2021;267:113519.
Diaz A, Dickenson AH. Blockade of spinal N-and P-type, but not L-type, calcium channels inhibits the excitability of rat dorsal horn neurones produced by subcutaneous formalin inflammation. Pain. 1997;69(1-2):93-100.
Di Domenico F, Tramutola A, Butterfield DA. Role of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) in the pathogenesis of alzheimer disease and other selected age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017;111:253-261.
Zárate R, Jaber-Vazdekis NE, Tejera N, Pérez JA, Rodríguez C. Significance of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human health. Clinical and trans med. 2017;6:1-19.
Alam MN, Bristi NJ, Rafiquzzaman M. Review on in vivo and in vitro methods evaluation of antioxidant activity. Saudi Pharm J. 2013;21(2):143-152.
Rashid HU, Martines MAU, Duarte AP, Jorge J, Rasool S, Muhammad R, Ahmad N, Umar MN Research developments in the syntheses, anti-inflammatory activities and structure–activity relationships of pyrimidines. RSC Adv. 2021;11(11):6060-6098.
Dhara A, Suba V, Sen T, Pal S, Chaudhuri AN. Preliminary studies on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the methanolic fraction of the root extract of Tragia involucrata Linn. J of ethnopharmacology. 2000;72(1-2):265-268.