Effects of Solvent Type and Simplicia-to-Solvent Ratio on the Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior) Fruit
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) is an aromatic plant commonly used as a spice in food. İt contains key phytochemicals such as phenolics, and flavonoids with potent antioxidant activity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of extraction condition (solvent type and Simplicia-to-Solvent ratio) on the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant properties of torch ginger fruit (TFG). Nine different extracts combinations of TGF were obtained, with three solvents (70% ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane), and three powdered Simplicia-to-Solvent ratios (1:10, 1:20, and 1:30). The total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents of the different extracts were determined using standard procedures. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The results showed that ethanol extract at a Simplicia-to-Solvent ratio of 1:30 contained the highest total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents of 108.43 ± 2.33 mg GAE/g extract and 1.22 ± 0.08 mg QE/g extract, respectively. İn addition, the ethanol extract at a Simplicia-to-Solvent ratio of 1:30 exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity with IC50 of 76.157 ± 1.461 µg/mL. In conclusion, ethanol solvent at a Simplicia-to-Solvent ratio of 1:30 is the optimal extraction condition needed to achieve the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents from TGF, while also providing the highest antioxidant activity.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
1. Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. Int J Biomed Sci IJBS. 2008;4(2):89. https://doi.org/10.7537/marsijbs040208.02
2. Moskovitz J, Yim M Bin, Chock PB. Free radicals and disease. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2002;397(2):354–359. https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2001.2692
3. Durak İ, Özbek H, Elgün S. Cyclosporine reduces hepatic antioxidant capacity: protective roles of antioxidants. Int Immunopharmacol. 2004;4(3):469–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2004.01.018
4. Buetler TM, Cottet-Maire F, Krauskopf A, Ruegg UT. Does cyclosporin A generate free radicals? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2000;21(8):288–290. https://doi.org 10.1016/S0165-6147(00)01508-X
5. Lesniak W, Pecoraro VL, Schacht J. Ternary complexes of gentamicin with iron and lipid catalyze formation of reactive oxygen species. Chem Res Toxicol. 2005;18(2):357–364. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx0496946
6. Sha SH, Schacht J. Antioxidants attenuate gentamicin-induced free radical formation in vitro and ototoxicity in vivo: D-methionine is a potential protectant. Hear Res. 2000;142(1–2):34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00003-4
7. Jang GY, Kim HY, Lee SH, Kang YR, Hwang IG, Woo KS, Kang TS, Lee JS, Jeong HS. Effects of heat treatment and extraction method on antioxidant activity of several medicinal plants. J Korean Soc food Sci Nutr. 2012;41(7):914–920. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.7.914
8. Wen L, Zhang Z, Rai D, Sun D, Tiwari BK. Ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from coffee silverskin: Impact on phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and morphological characteristics. J Food Process Eng. 2019;42(6):e13191. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13191
9. Bettaieb Rebey I, Bourgou S, Ben Slimen Debez I, Jabri Karoui I, Hamrouni Sellami I, Msaada K, Limam F, Marzouk B. Effects of extraction solvents and provenances on phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2012;5:2827–2836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-011-0625-4
10. Ngo T Van, Scarlett CJ, Bowyer MC, Ngo PD, Vuong Q Van. Impact of different extraction solvents on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity from the root of Salacia chinensis L. J Food Qual. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9305047
11. Whangsomnuek N, Mungmai L, Mangumphan K, Amornlerdpison D. Bioactive compounds and its biological activity from leaves of torch ginger for value added as cosmetic product. GCIC; 2018.
12. binti Anzian A, Rashidah S, Nazamid S, binti Che CWNS, Sapawi W. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior) flower extract. Food Appl Biosci J. 2017;5(1):32–49. https://doi.org/10.14456/fabj.2017.4
13. Wahyu HM, Agus P, Nancy DY, Linda ML, Alfi K. GC-MS based metabolite profiling and antibacterial activity of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) flowers extract. Indones J Chem (Indones J Chem). 2022;22(4):1014–1024. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.72583
14. Wijekoon MMJO, Bhat R, Karim AA, Fazilah A. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil and solvent extracts of torch ginger inflorescence (Etlingera elatior Jack.). Int J Food Prop. 2013;16(6):1200–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2011.579674
15. ERNILASARI E, WALIL K, FITMAWATI F, ROSLIM DI, ZUMAIDAR Z, SAUDAH S, Rayhannisa R. Antibacterial activity of leaves, flowers, and fruits extract of Etlingera elatior from Nagan Raya District, Indonesia against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Biodiversitas J Biol Divers. 2021;22(10). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d221039
16. Casazza AA, Aliakbarian B, Perego P. Recovery of phenolic compounds from grape seeds: Effect of extraction time and solid–liquid ratio. Nat Prod Res. 2011;25(18):1751–1761. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2010.524889
17. Nawaz H, Shad MA, Rehman N, Andaleeb H, Ullah N. Effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield and antioxidant properties of phytochemicals from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds. Brazilian J Pharm Sci. 2020;56:e17129. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902019000417129
18. Meullemiestre A, Petitcolas E, Maache-Rezzoug Z, Chemat F, Rezzoug SA. Impact of ultrasound on solid–liquid extraction of phenolic compounds from maritime pine sawdust waste. Kinetics, optimization and large scale experiments. Ultrason Sonochem. 2016;28:230–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.07.022
19. Shraim AM, Ahmed TA, Rahman MM, Hijji YM. Determination of total flavonoid content by aluminum chloride assay: A critical evaluation. Lwt. 2021;150:111932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111932
20. Ijoma KI, Ajiwe VIE, Odinma SC. The organic extracts from the leaves of Ficus thonningii Blume, Jatropha tanjorensis JL Ellis and Saroja and Justicia carnea Lindley as potential nutraceutical antioxidants and functional foods. Trends Phytochem Res. 2023;7(1):76–85. https://doi.org/10.30495/tpr.2023.1977670.1318
21. Daulay A, Taufik M, Ridwanto R, Astriliana A. Effect of particle size on fresh turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and simplicia toward content of curcumin compound. In: Proceedings of The 5th Annual International Seminar on Trends in Science and Science Education, AISTSSE 2018, 18-19 October 2018, Medan, Indonesia. 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.18-10-2018.2287374
22. Husni E, Ismed F, Afriyandi D. Standardization study of simplicia and extract of calamondin (Citrus microcarpa bunge) peel, quantification of hesperidin and antibacterial assay. Pharmacogn J. 2020;12(4). https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.111
23. Do QD, Angkawijaya AE, Tran-Nguyen PL, Huynh LH, Soetaredjo FE, Ismadji S, Yi-Hsu Ju. Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. J food drug Anal. 2014;22(3):296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2013.11.001
24. Sharma A, Cannoo DS. A comparative study of effects of extraction solvents/techniques on percentage yield, polyhenolic composition, and antioxidant potential of various extracts obtained from stems of Nepeta leucophylla: RP‐HPLC‐DAD assessment of its polyhenolic constituents. J Food Biochem. 2017;41(2):e12337. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12337
25. Vieito C, Fernandes É, Velho MV, Pires P. The effect of different solvents on extraction yield, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of extracts from pine bark (Pinus pinaster subsp. atlantica). Chem Eng Trans. 2018;64:127–132.
26. Sarian MN, Ahmed QU, So’ad SZM, Alhassan AM, Murugesu S, Perumal V, et al. Antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of flavonoids: A structure-activity relationship based study. Biomed Res Int. 2017; 2017:8386065. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8386065
27. Dirar AI, Alsaadi DHM, Wada M, Mohamed MA, Watanabe T, Devkota HP. Effects of extraction solvents on total phenolic and flavonoid contents and biological activities of extracts from Sudanese medicinal plants. South African J Bot. 2019;120:261–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.07.003
28. Okafor CE, Ijoma IK, Igboamalu CA, Ezebalu CE, Eze CF, Osita-Chikeze JC, et al. Secondary metabolites, spectra characterization, and antioxidant correlation analysis of the polar and nonpolar extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam) Oken. BioTechnologia. 2024;105(2):121–136. https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2024.139752
29. Huyut Z, Beydemir Ş, Gülçin İ. Antioxidant and antiradical properties of selected flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Biochem Res Int. 2017;2017(1):7616791. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7616791
30. Mustafa RA, Hamid AA, Mohamed S, Bakar FA. Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and radical scavenging activity of 21 selected tropical plants. J Food Sci. 2010;75(1):C28–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01401.x
31. Anam K, Munandar R, Wulandari ON, Lestari AB, Farada RE, Hudiyanti D, et al. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activities, and Total Phenolic Content of Combination of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel-Kodavan (Centella asiatica L. Urban) Fractions. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2023;7(1). 7(1):2222-2228. http://www.doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v7i1.20