Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Toxicity Profiles of Cajuput Oils from Diverse Malaysian Districts
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Abstract
Despite the known medicinal properties of cajuput oils, there is a lack of comprehensive research on their chemical composition and bioactivity across different Malaysian districts. Thus, this study examined the chemical composition, antibacterial, antioxidant, and toxicity profiles of cajuput oils from different districts in Terengganu and Kelantan, Malaysia. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry were used to identify the chemical constituents. Antibacterial effectiveness was measured via broth microdilution assays, while antioxidant properties were tested using the DPPH assay. The toxicity profiles were determined using the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). Major compounds in Besut essential oil (BTEO) were 4-(methoxycarbonyl) phenol (17.27%), cyclopentasiloxane decamethyl (13.43%), and methyl-lathodoratin (13.03%). Pasir Mas essential oil (PMEO) was characterized by 3-phenylbutyrophenone (18.30%), 2-isopropyl-10-methylphenanthrene (15.44%), and octanoic acid hex-4-yn-3-yl ester (14.03%). Meanwhile, the major components of Pasir Puteh essential oil (PPEO) were octanoic acid hex-4-yn-3-yl ester (32.89%), N1-(44-dimethyl-13-thiazolan-2-yliden) cyclohexan-1-amine (15.10%), and methyl-lathodoratin (9.44%). BTEO exhibited substantial antibacterial effects, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 0.125 and 0.5 mg/mL. Furthermore, PPEO exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 6.06 mg/mL. BSLA demonstrated non-toxicity for PMEO (LC50 1047.13 µg/mL) and PPEO (LC50 13182.57 µg/mL), while BTEO exhibited moderate toxicity (LC50 630.96 µg/mL). These findings suggest that cajuput oil has potential as a natural antioxidant and antibacterial agent.
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