Comparative Cytotoxicity and Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Sansevieria cylindrica

Abstract

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using phytochemicals is increasingly recognized for its biocompatibility and therapeutic potential. This study explores the green synthesis of AgNPs using Sansevieria cylindrica extract and compares their antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity against MCF-7, HeLa, SKOV3 and HUVEC cell lines. The hydroalcoholic extract of S. cylindrica was analysed for phytochemical content and AgNP synthesis and characterised by UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, zeta potential, and particle size analyzer. The green synthesis of AgNPs was optimized by varying concentrations of AgNO3 and extract at different temperatures and times. The synthesized NP was confirmed by UV-visible spectrophotometry, with a distinct peak at 425 nm, characteristic of AgNPs. FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups from the extract that stabilized the nanoparticles. SEM imaging demonstrated mostly spherical nanoparticle sizes (100 nm). Zeta potential analysis indicated moderate stability (-24.3 mV), and particle size analysis revealed a broad distribution, with a dominant population around 127.37 nm and some larger aggregates, suggesting room for optimisation of the synthesis process. The AgNPs exhibited significantly higher cytotoxic effects against the cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HeLa, and SKOV3) than the crude extract, with reduced toxicity towards non-cancerous HUVEC cells. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified, affirming its antioxidant capacity. The findings suggest that AgNPs synthesised from S. cylindrica are more effective and safer for cancer treatment, emphasising the potential of phytochemical-mediated nanoparticle synthesis in medical applications.