β- Hematin and Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activities of Ten Nigerian Medicinal Plants
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Abstract
Ten Nigerian medicinal plants, known for their antimalarial properties yet with unknown mechanisms of action, were selected to investigate whether their effects result from inhibiting β-Hematin (β-H) formation, a recognized antimalarial mode of action. Previous research has shown that nitric oxide (NO) activity protects Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. However, it has been hypothesized that excessive NO production might contribute to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. Selected plant parts were extracted in methanol and concentrated in vacuo. β-Hematin and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory assays were carried out on the extracts, and chloroquine and ascorbic acid were used as respective standards. The most active plant extract was fractionated into n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and butanol. The n-hexane fraction of Rauvolfia vomitoria leaves underwent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to identify its suggested compounds or components present in the fraction.The selected plants exhibited varying levels of β-H and NO inhibitory actions, with Rauvolfia vomitoria showing the highest β-Hematin inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.22 ± 0.62 µg/mL) compared to chloroquine (IC50 = 2.14 ± 0.36 µg/mL). GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction of Rauvolfia vomitoria identified 12 major compounds, with Neophytadiene (43.30%) being the most abundant. Chromolaena odorata leaves demonstrated the highest NO inhibitory activity (IC50 = 19.98 ± 0.30 µg/mL) compared to ascorbic acid (IC50 = 0.15 ± 0.12 µg/mL). The extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria significantly inhibited β-Hematin formation more effectively than chloroquine. This study confirms the traditional claim of the selected plant scientifically.
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