Polysaccharides from the Fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca Del.: Preliminary Characterization, Antioxidant, Hypoglycaemic, and Anti-inflammatory Activities
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Polysaccharides are major cellular macromolecules. They have different pharmaceutical, nutritional, and biological applications depending on their structure, and composition. The current study aim to evaluate the antioxidant, hypoglycaemic and anti-inflammatory activities of polysaccharides from the fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca Del. (BA) harvested from the Algerian Sahara. Polysaccharides from BA were extracted by the hot water method. The preliminary characterization of the crude polysaccharides was done by Ultra violet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometry, and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry-Electron Ionization (GC/MS-EI). The antioxidant activity was determined by the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and Hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity assays. Hypoglycaemic activity was evaluated using the α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by the protein denaturation inhibitory assay. The results showed that BA polysaccharides consisted of 34.06% galacturonic acid, 27.82% arabinose, 15.63% galactose, 9.71% glucose, 7.04% xylose, and 5.74% rhamnose. In the antioxidant assays, BA polysaccharides exhibited a significant antiradical activity against DPPH• (IC50 = 0.745±0.003 mg/mL), ABTS• (IC50 = 1.390±0.018 mg/mL), OH• (IC50 = 2.77±0.048 mg/mL), and a strong ferric reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. BA polysaccharides showed moderate hypoglycaemic effect with IC50 values of 44.132±0.926 and 27.117±0.737 mg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, respectively. Furthermore, BA polysaccharides displayed a strong anti-inflammatory activity as measured by its inhibition of protein denaturation (67.94% inhibition at 0.5 mg/mL). Therefore, BA polysaccharides could serve as a natural source of antioxidant, hypoglycaemic, and anti-inflammatory agents.
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