The Anti-Hyperglycemic and Antioxidative Effects of Aqueous Extracts from Sphenocentrum jollyanum: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
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Abstract
Red medicine (Sphenocentrum jollyanum) is a dense forest plant with an ethnomedicinal impact on disease management. The antioxidative and antihyperglycemic effects of aqueous extracts from Sphenocentrum jollyanum root and leaf were investigated. The radicals scavenging ability, iron (Fe2+) chelating ability, and the inhibitory effect on carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes (αamylase and α-glucosidase) were assessed in vitro. Thereafter, the effect was evaluated in streptozotocin (35 mg/kg)-induced diabetic rats placed on a high fat diet. The leaf extract was higher in phenol (4.57 mg/g) and flavonoid (2.20 mg/g) which was significantly (p < 0.05) different from the root extract with a phenol content of 2.79 mg/g and a flavonoid content of 1.75 mg/g. The radical scavenging and inhibitory properties of aqueous extract from the leaf were greater than the root extract except for α-amylase activity which was inhibited better by the root extract (87.5%) when compared to the leaf (77.2%). The extracts significantly improved the glycemic state, prevented oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidant status and may be classified as a potential natural anti-hyperglycemic agent.
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Apostolidis E, Kwon YI, Shetty K. Inhibitory potential of herb, fruit, and fungal-enriched cheese against key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2007; 8: 46 - 54.
Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 1979; 95(2): 351 - 358.
Adefegha SA, Oboh G, Adefegha OM, Boligon AA, Athayde ML. Antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective and antioxidative effects of dietary clove (Szyzgium aromaticum) bud powder in a high-fat diet/streptozotocininduced diabetes rat model. J Sci Food Agric. 2014; 94: 2726
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Adeleke O, Oboh G, Adefegha S, Osesusi A. Effect of aqueous extract from root and leaf of Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre on wounds of diabetic rats: influence on wound tissue cytokines, vascular endothelial growth factor and microbes. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022; 293: 115266.
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Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutases; An adaptation to a pragmatic gas. J. Biol Chem. 1989; 264: 7761 - 7764.
Clairborne A. Catalase activity. In: Greenwald R.A., edition. Handbook of methods for oxygen radical research. CRC Press Inc; Boca Raton. 1985; pp. 283 - 284.
Beutler E, Duron O, Kelly BM. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. J Lab Clin Med. 1963; 61: 882 - 888.
Guisti G, Galanti B. Methods of enzymatic analyses. Weinheim, Germany: VerlagChemie. 1984; pp 315 - 323.
Heymann D, Reddington M, Kreutzberg GW. Subcellular localization of 5′-nucleotidase in rat brain. J Neurochem. 1984; 43: 971 - 978.
Schetinger MR, Porto NM, Moretto MB, Morsch VM, daRocha JB, Vieira V, Moro F, Neis RT, Bittencourt S, Bonacorso HG, Zanatta N. New benzodiazepines alter acetylcholinesterase and ATPDase activities. Neurochem Res. 2000; 25: 949 - 955.
Lawal M, Suleiman A, Matazu NU, Dawud FA, Mohammed A, Umar IA. Antidiabetic activity of Pistia strateotes L. aqueous extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2019; 3(3): 91-94.
Unuofin JO and Lebelo SL. Antioxidant effects and mechanisms of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes: An updated review. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020; 1356893
Jafri S, Khalid Z, Khan M, Jogezai N. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan. Open Chem. 2022; 20(1): 1337-1356.
Adeleke O, Adefegha S, Oboh G. Coadministration of acarbose with aqueous extract of root and leaf of Sphenocentrum jollyanum accelerates wound closure in type 2 diabetic rats. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2024; 34: 217-222.
Kashtoh H and Baek KH. Recent updates on phytoconstituent alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: an approach towards the treatment of type two diabetes. Plants (Basel). 2022; 11(20): 2722.
Kashtoh H and Baek KH. New insights into the latest advancement in α-amylase inhibitors of plant origin with anti-diabetic effects. Plants (Basel). 2023; 12(16): 2944.
Adebayo AA, Oboh G, Ademosun AO. Almondsupplemented diet improves sexual functions beyond Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition in diabetic male rats. Heliyon. 2019; 5: e03035
Mihailović M, Dinić S, Arambašić Jovanović J, Uskoković A, Grdović N, Vidaković M. The influence of plant extracts and phytoconstituents on antioxidant enzymes activity and gene expression in the prevention and treatment of impaired glucose homeostasis and diabetes complications.
Antioxidants. 2021; 10(3): 480.
Cieślak M and Cieślak M. Role of purinergic signaling and proinflammatory cytokines in diabetes. Clin Diabetol. 2017; 6(3): 90 - 100.
Pereira ADS, de Oliveira LS, Lopes TF, Baldissarelli J, Palma TV, Soares MSP, Spohr L, Morsch VM, de Andrade CM, Schetinger MRC, Spanevello RM. Effect of gallic acid on purinergic signaling in lymphocytes, platelets, and serum of diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018; 101: 30-36.