Propolis Extract Alters the Abundance of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Ileum Mucosal Structure of Male Wistar Rats with High-Fat Diet
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Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) lifestyle contributes to global morbidity and mortality due to obesity. As a potential therapy candidate, propolis modulates gut microbiota affected by HFD through direct and indirect stimulation. This study investigates the effect of propolis on gut microbiota and ileum mucosal structure, using histological analyses to validate its efficacy in HFD intervention. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of four diet groups. Fecal microbiota analysis focusing on B. thetaiotaomicron, F. prausnitzii was conducted over several weeks using 16S rDNA sequencing. In addition, ileum mucosal changes were analyzed post-termination. The novelty of propolis intervention was observed in counteracting the burden of B. thetaiotaomicron, an inflammation indicator, through indirect stimulation, which led to an increase in F. prausnitzii. Propolis affected bacterial diversity through direct and indirect stimulation, resulting in B. thetaiotaomicron and F. prausnitzii reduced and achieved homeostasis at the end of the intervention. The overall bacterial profile showed a significantly higher relative ratio of F. prausnitzii to B. thetaiotaomicron between HFDP to NCD, NCDP (p<0.05). Validation through ileum histology revealed that the HFD group had reduced muscle thickness, fewer Peyer's patches, and fewer villi than the NCD group (p<0.05). The HFDP group showed significantly more villi and Peyer’s patches than the HFD group (p<0.05). Propolis effectively ameliorated the dysbiotic state of the gut microbiome, helping achieve favorable homeostasis. The HFDP group showed no significant differences compared to the NCD group, indicating the protective effect of propolis on the structure and physiological functions of the gastrointestinal system.
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