UPLC-MS/MS Analysis and Evaluation of the Photoprotective, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Enzymatic Properties of Ethyl Acetate and n-Butanol Fractions from Algerian Juniperus oxycedrus L. Leaves
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Abstract
Juniperus oxycedrus is prevalent in the arid and semi-arid regions of the Mediterranean and Near East and, is traditionally employed for both culinary and medicinal applications. This research evaluates the potential health benefits of ethyl acetate (EAJO) and n-butanol (NBJO) fractions derived from leaves. Quantitative analysis revealed enhanced concentrations of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the EAJO fraction at 252.56 ± 3.91 mg GAE/g DW and 47.70 ± 2.21 mg QE/g DW, respectively. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS identified a rich array of twelve phenolic acids and flavonoids, with rutin and chrysin identified as the predominant compounds in both fractions. Comprehensive antioxidant assessments through seven distinct assays demonstrated strong properties, with most activities displaying an IC50 values under 30 µg/mL. Additionally, in vitro anti-inflammatory activity showed that the EAJO and NBJO fractions effectively inhibited albumin denaturation at different concentrations, indicating a moderate effect compared to the standard drug diclofenac sodium. EAJO fraction surpassed NBJO in inhibiting key enzymes associated with Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, hyperpigmentation, dermatological disorders, and select bacterial infections, evidenced by IC50 values for acetylcholinesterase, alpha-amylase, tyrosinase, and urease with IC50 values of 14.60 ± 0.98 μg/mL, 639.48 ± 7.43 μg/mL, 206.44 ± 18.48 μg/mL, and 245.77 ± 3.75 μg/mL, respectively. Both fractions also displayed promising photoprotective properties, with SPF ratings of 31.71 ± 0.31 for NBJO and 22.62 ± 1.52 for EAJO. This study highlights the significant potential of Juniperus oxycedrus in the development of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutritional products, underlining its substantial bioactive profile with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-enzymatic, and photoprotective capabilities.
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