Sensory and Phytochemical Evaluation of Infusions from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Compared with Four Teas Used in Morocco
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The aromatic, flavorful, and fragrant qualities of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) make it a valuable herb for culinary and medical uses. This study investigated the sensory quality of C. citratus and its richness in chemical compounds. The sensory tests were realized on the infusion of the plant and compared to 4 Teas among a group of participants. Further, total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents, and antioxidant activity were evaluated in the infusions of tested products. The primary metabolites in the dry matter of the plant were also measured. Before beginning, each participant was required to read and fill out an informed permission form by the national legislation and the Declaration of Helsinki's Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Participants were aged between 20 and 60 years old with dominance of 20-39 years old (80%). Moreover, 60% of participants were women compared to 40% of men. Half the participants drink aromatized tea, mainly menthe. The infusion of C. citratus had the highest rating, calculated at 9.33±0.62 compared to the other aromas. The infusion of C. citratus was distinguished by its strong flavour and order, as well as its pleasant aroma, flavor, and aftertaste. The values of TPC, TFC, and tannin were 0.463 mg eq Q/g dry matter, 0.033 mg eq Q/g dry matter, and 21.96 mg eq AT /g dry matter, respectively. The antioxidant activity was 98.07%. The total sugar was the most dominant in the infusion of the plant with 0.376 g per g of dry matter of C. citratus, followed by lipids with 0.106 g per g of dry matter. This study presents new data on the nutritional value of C. citratus in Morocco and is suggested to be a reference for future research.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Wifek M, Saeed A, Rehman R, Nisar S. Lemongrass: a review on its botany, properties, applications and active components. Int. J. Chem. Biochem. Sci, 2016;9(1):79–84.
Kamaruddin ZH, Jumaidin R, Selamat MZ, Ilyas RA. Characteristics and Properties of Lemongrass (Cymbopogan Citratus): A Comprehensive Review. J. Nat. Fibers 2022;19(14):8101–8118; doi: 10.1080/15440478.2021.1958439.
Shahzadi MP. Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus). Grasses: Benefits, Diversities and Functional Roles; Almusaed, A, Al-Samaraee, SMS, Eds 2017;121–141.
del Carmen Vázquez-Briones M, Hernández LR, Guerrero-Beltrán JÁ. Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil. J. Food Res 2015;4(3):36.
Estrada-Castillón E, Villarreal-Quintanilla JÁ, Cuéllar-Rodríguez LG, Guerra J, Cotera-Correa M, Scott-Morales LM, Friesen RJ. Ethnobotany in Iturbide, Nuevo León: The Traditional Knowledge on Plants Used in the Semiarid Mountains of Northeastern Mexico. Sustainability 2022;14(19):12751; doi: 10.3390/su141912751.
Lawal OA, Ogundajo AL, Avoseh NO, Ogunwande IA. Chapter 18 - Cymbopogon Citratus. In: Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa. (Kuete V. ed) Academic Press; 2017; pp. 397–423; doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-809286-6.00018-2.
Mirzaei M, Ladan Moghadam A, Hakimi L, Danaee E. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) improve plant growth, antioxidant capacity, and essential oil properties of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) under water stress. Iran. J. Plant Physiol 2020;10(2):3155–3166; doi: 10.30495/ijpp.2020.672574.
Majewska E, Kozlowska M, Gruszczynska-Sekowska E, Kowalska D, Tarnowska K. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil: extraction, composition, bioactivity and uses for food preservation - a review. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2019;69(4); doi: 10.31883/pjfns/113152.
Aćimović M, Kiprovski B, Gvozdenac S. Application of Cymbopogon citratus in Agro-Food Industry. J. Agron. Technol. Eng. 2020;3(3):423–436.
Gomes LF, Longhi PJH, Machado L, Steffani JA, Cadoná FC. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf) Presents Antitumoral Effect and Improves Chemotherapy Activity in Prostate Cancer Cells. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry- Anti-Cancer Agents) 2021;21(17):2337–2350; doi: 10.2174/1871520621666210112111711.
Joshua VA, Sanusi MS, Abiodun OA, Kayode BI, Olabanji SO, Egwumah OR, Kayode RM. Quality and sensory attributes of composite herbal tea from Parquetina Nigrescens (Parquetina) and Cymbopogon Citratus (Lemongrass). Food Measure 2023;17(3):2730–2740; doi: 10.1007/s11694-023-01830-x.
Kassahun T, Girma B, Joshi R, Sisay B, Tesfaye K, Taye S, Tesema S, Abera Frehiwot T. Ethnobotany, traditional use, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Cymbopogon citratus: Review article. Int. J. Herb. Med 2020;8(4):80–87.
Ganjewala D, Gupta A. 8 Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Steud.) Wats Essential Oil: Overview and Biological Activities. 2013.
Salaria D, Rolta R, Sharma N, Dev K, Sourirajan A, Kumar V. In silico and In vitro evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Cymbopogon citratus from North-western Himalayas. BioRxiv 2020;2020–05.
Oladeji OS, Adelowo FE, Ayodele DT, Odelade KA. Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Cymbopogon citratus: A review. Sci. Afr 2019;6:e00137; doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00137.
Kiani HS, Ali A, Zahra S, Hassan ZU, Kubra KT, Azam M, Zahid HF. Phytochemical Composition and Pharmacological Potential of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon) and Impact on Gut Microbiota. AppliedChem 2022;2(4):229–246; doi: 10.3390/appliedchem2040016.
Tavares F, Costa G, Francisco V, Liberal J, Figueirinha A, Lopes MC, Cruz MT, Batista MT. Cymbopogon citratus industrial waste as a potential source of bioactive compounds. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2015;95(13):2652–2659; doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6999.
Ramawat KG, Dass S, Mathur M. The Chemical Diversity of Bioactive Molecules and Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants. In: Herbal Drugs: Ethnomedicine to Modern Medicine. (Ramawat KG. ed) Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg; 2009; pp. 7–32; doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-79116-4_2.
Velu G, Palanichamy V, Rajan AP. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Importance of Plant Secondary Metabolites in Modern Medicine. In: Bioorganic Phase in Natural Food: An Overview. (Roopan SM, Madhumitha G. eds) Springer International Publishing: Cham; 2018; pp. 135–156; doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-74210-6_8.
Agour A, Mssillou I, Saghrouchni H, Bari A, Lyoussi B, Derwich E. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Potential and Antimicrobial Properties of the Essential Oils of Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forsskal) A. Juss from Morocco. Trop. J. Nat. Prod. Res. 2021;4; doi: 10.26538/Trop. J. Nat./v4i12.13.
Adedokun O, Igharo K, Akindele I, Adedeji, I., Ogunmefun, O., Ogochuwkwu, U., & Didacus, N. Testaments of Female Natural Contraceptives: An Update on the Usage of African Herbal Remedies. Trop. J. Nat. Prod. Res. 2024;8(4), 6757–6764; doi: 10.26538/Trop. J. Nat./v8i4.2.
Muala WCB, Desobgo ZSC, Jong NE. Optimization of extraction conditions of phenolic compounds from Cymbopogon citratus and evaluation of phenolics and aroma profiles of extract. Heliyon 2021;7(4); doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06744.
Navarro C, Díaz M, Villa-García MA. Physico-Chemical Characterization of Steel Slag. Study of its Behavior under Simulated Environmental Conditions. Environ Sci Technol 2010;44(14):5383–5388; doi: 10.1021/es100690b.
Rodríguez De Luna SL, Ramírez-Garza RE, Serna Saldívar SO. Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties. Sci. World J 2020;2020:e6792069; doi: 10.1155/2020/6792069.
Aghoutane B, Naama A, Attar IE, El-Gourrami O, El Monfalouti H, Kartah BE. Phytochemical Composition, Antibacterial Activity and Acute Toxicity Studies of Euphorbia resinifiera O. Berg. Trop. J. Nat. Prod. Res. 2024;8(4):6814–6819; doi: 10.26538/Trop. J. Nat./v8i4.10.
Bassolé IHN, Lamien-Meda A, Bayala B, Obame LC, Ilboudo AJ, Franz C, Novak J, Nebié RC, Dicko MH. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon giganteus essential oils alone and in combination. Phytomedicine 2011;18(12):1070–1074; doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.05.009.
Gbenou JD, Ahounou JF, Akakpo HB, Laleye A, Yayi E, Gbaguidi F, Baba-Moussa L, Darboux R, Dansou P, Moudachirou M, Kotchoni SO. Phytochemical composition of Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils and their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties on Wistar rats. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2013;40(2):1127–1134; doi: 10.1007/s11033-012-2155-1.
Godwin A, Daniel GA, Shadrack D, Elom SA, Afua N, Ab K, Godsway B, Joseph KG, Sackitey NO, Isaak KB, Wisdom A. Determination of elemental, phenolic, antioxidant and flavonoid properties of Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). Int. Food Res. J. 2014;21(5).
Balakrishnan B, Paramasivam S, Arulkumar A. Evaluation of the lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus) extracted in different solvents for antioxidant and antibacterial activity against human pathogens. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 2014;4:S134–S139; doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60428-X.
Li H-B, Cheng K-W, Wong C-C, Fan KW, Chen F, Jiang Y. Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of different fractions of selected microalgae. Food Chem 2007;102(3):771–776; doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.06.022.
Zribi OT, Houmani H, Kouas S, Slama I, Ksouri R, Abdelly C. Comparative Study of the Interactive Effects of Salinity and Phosphorus Availability in Wild (Hordeum maritimum) and Cultivated Barley (H. vulgare). J. Plant Growth Regul. 2014;33(4):860–870; doi: 10.1007/s00344-014-9429-x.
Ahn M-R, Kumazawa S, Usui Y, Nakamura J, Matsuka M, Zhu F, Nakayama T Antioxidant activity and constituents of propolis collected in various areas of China. Food Chem. 2007;101(4):1383–1392; doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.03.045.
Chekroun E, Benariba N, Adida H, Bechiri A, Azzi R, Djaziri R. Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of two Cucurbitaceae: Citrullus colocynthis fruits and Bryonia dioica roots. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 2015;5(8):632–637; doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(15)60903-3.
DuBois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PT, Smith F. Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances. Anal. Chem. 1956;28(3):350–356; doi: 10.1021/ac60111a017.
Miller GL. Use of Dinitrosalicylic Acid Reagent for Determination of Reducing Sugar. Anal. Chem. 1959;31(3):426–428; doi: 10.1021/ac60147a030.
Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 1976;72:248–254; doi: 10.1006/abio.1976.9999.
Bakota EL, Winkler-Moser JK, Berhow MA, Eller FJ, Vaughn SF. Antioxidant Activity and Sensory Evaluation of a Rosmarinic Acid-Enriched Extract of Salvia officinalis. J. Food Sci. 2015;80(4):C711–C717; doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12837.
Alagendran S, Pushpa N, Valarmathi M, Kiruthika D, Sathish SS. Sensorial quality test in Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. L. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2019;8(5):138–140.
Soares LCB, Pires AV, Junior PC, dos Santos IJ, de Assis RG, Junior FP, Rodrigues PH, Biava JS, Ferreira EM, Polizel DM. Doses of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil for Nellore steers fed with a forage-based diet. Livest. Sci. 2023;276:105318; doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105318.
Mascarin LG, Franco FW, Dornelles RC, Figueredo KC, Santos RO, Bauermann LD, Emanuelli T, Somacal S, Sautter CK. Effect of Adding Matricaria recutita L., Cymbopogon citratus, or Mentha piperita L. Extracts to Fermented Orange Beverage: Sensory Evaluation, Physicochemical Characterization, and Prediction of Toxic Risks and Biological Activity In Silico. Foods 2023;12(2):243; doi: 10.3390/foods12020243.
Costa G, Grangeia H, Figueirinha A, Figueiredo IV, Batista MT. Influence of harvest date and material quality on polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of Cymbopogon citratus infusion. Ind. Crops Prod. 2016;83:738–745; doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.008.
Coelho M, Rocha C, Cunha LM, Cardoso L, Alves L, Lima RC, Pereira MJ, Campos FM, Pintado M. Influence of harvesting factors on sensory attributes and phenolic and aroma compounds composition of Cymbopogon citratus leaves infusions. Int. Food Res. 2016;89:1029–1037; doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.07.008.
Unuigbe C, Enahoro J, Erharuyi O, Okeri HA. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant evaluation of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus DC.) Stapf leaves. J. Appl. Sci. Envir. Man. 2019;23(2):223–228; doi: 10.4314/jasem.v23i2.4.
Suryanto E, Katja DG, Wehantouw F. Singlet Oxygen Quenching Activities Of Phenolic Extract From Lemon Grass Leaves (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). Chem. Prog. 2019;3(1):6–12; doi: 10.35799/cp.3.1.2010.67.
Irfan S, Ranjha MMAN, Nadeem M, Safdar MN, Jabbar S, Mahmood S, Murtaza MA, Ameer K, Ibrahim SA. Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Sonication- and Maceration-Assisted Ethanol and Acetone Extracts of Cymbopogon citratus Leaves. Separations 2022;9(9):244; doi: 10.3390/separations9090244.
Thummajitsakul S, Samaikam S, Tacha S, Silprasit K. Study on FTIR spectroscopy, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and anti-amylase activity of extracts and different tea forms of Garcinia schomburgkiana leaves. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2020;134:110005; doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110005.
Ganji SM, Singh H, Friedman M. Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of 12 Melon (Cucumis melo) Peel Powders Prepared from Commercial Melons. J. Food Sci. 2019;84(7):1943–1948; doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14666.
Lim YP, Pang SF, Yusoff MM, Mudalip SK, Gimbun J. Correlation between the extraction yield of mangiferin to the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content of Phaleria macrocarpa fruits. J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants 2019;14:100224; doi: 10.1016/j.jarmap.2019.100224.
Ekpenyong CE, Akpan EE. Use of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil in food preservation: Recent advances and future perspectives. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2017;57(12):2541–2559; doi: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1016140.
Kumar A, Gupta A, Aggarwal A, Bhargav V. Efficacy of bioinoculants on biomass, nutritional status and yield of lemon grass, Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. J. Spices Aromat. Crops. 2020;29(1):59–66.
Nimenibo-Uadia R, Nwosu EO. Phytochemical, Proximate and Mineral elements Composition of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf) grown in Ekosodin, Benin City, Nigeria. Niger. J. Pharm. Sci. 2020;9(2):52–56.
Sefatlhi KL, Ultra VU, Majoni S. Chemical and Structural Characteristics of Biochars from Phytoremediation Biomass of Cymbopogon Citratus, Cymbopogon Nardus, and Chrysopogon Zizanioides. Waste Biomass Valor 2023; doi: 10.1007/s12649-023-02164-x.
Machraoui M, Kthiri Z, Ben-Jabeur M, Hamada W. Ethnobotanical and phytopharmacological notes on Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. J. New Sci 2018; 55 (5); 3642-3652.
Simões DM, Malheiros J, Antunes PE, Figueirinha A, Cotrim MD, Fonseca DA. Vascular activity of infusion and fractions of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. in human arteries. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020;258:112947; doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112947.
Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz A, Ludwiczuk A, Tarasevičienė Ž, Michalak M, Głowacka A, Baj T, Kręcisz B, Krochmal-Marczak B. Chemical and Nutritional Compounds of Different Parts of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf.) Cultivated in Temperate Climate of Poland. J. Oleo Sci. 2021;70(1):125–133; doi: 10.5650/jos.ess20171.
Sousa R, Figueirinha A, Batista MT, Pina ME. Formulation Effects in the Antioxidant Activity of Extract from the Leaves of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. Molecules 2021;26(15):4518; doi: 10.3390/molecules26154518.
de Andrade SF, Rocha C, Pinheiro EJ, Pereira-Leite C, Costa MD, Monteiro Rodrigues L. Revealing the Protective Effect of Topically Applied Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil in Human Skin through A Contact Model. Cosmetics 2023;10(1):29; doi: 10.3390/cosmetics10010029