Bioactive Compounds and their Antioxidant Activities in the Ethanol Extract from Rice Leaves (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) of Different Varieties
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v8i5.21Keywords:
Antioxidants, chlorophyll, rice leaves, polyphenols, tocopherolsAbstract
This article presented a comprehensive analysis of the polyphenol, chlorophyll, tocopherol contents, and antioxidant activities in leaves of three rice varieties (Oryza sativa L. indica), named IR50404, Huyet Rong, and Nang Thom. The study aimed to investigate the potential antioxidant properties of these rice varieties for applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. The leaves of three rice varieties harvested at week 5 were collected and then extracted using ethanol as solvent. The results revealed significant variations in the levels of total polyphenols (ranging from 3.04 to 3.90 mg GAE/g of fresh leaf weight), total chlorophyll (1180-1315 µg/g of fresh leaf weight), and tocopherols (40.14 to 187.18 µg/g of fresh leaf weight) among the three varieties. Furthermore, in antioxidant assays, significant variations were observed among rice varieties in terms of their DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, ranging from 19.03 to 21.66 µmol TE/g leaf fresh weight and from 18.77 to 23.33 µmol TE/g leaf fresh weight, respectively. The IR50404 variety was found to exhibit superior potential in terms of bioactive compounds, DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging activities compared to the other varieties. These findings suggest that certain rice varieties possess considerable antioxidant activity in their leaves, making them promising candidates for applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. The identification of these antioxidant-rich rice varieties paved the way for the development of natural antioxidant formulations and functional food products.
References
Fukagawa N, Ziska L. Rice: Importance for global nutrition. J. Nutr Sci Vitaminol. (Tokyo). 2019; 65(Supplement): S2-S3.
Ciulu M, Cádiz-Gurrea MD, Segura-Carretero A. Extraction and analysis of phenolic compounds in rice: A Review. Molecules. 2018; 23(11): 2890.
T Tamprasit K, Weerapreeyakul N, Sutthanut K, Thukhammee W, Wattanathorn J. Harvest age effect on phytochemical content of white and black glutinous rice cultivars. Molecules. 2019; 24(24): 4432.
Luong H, To D, Vu D. Antioxidant and blood sugar-stabilizing activities of extracts from three coloured rice varieties in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Trop J. Nat Prod Res. 2022; 6(7): 1103-1107.
Tuan PM, Ngan NT, Ha NX, Trung HV. Pigments, phenolics, antioxidant activity, anti-alpha-amylase, and in vitro anti-inflammatory properties of crude acetonic extract from Viola dalatensis. Trop J. Nat Prod Res. 2023; 7(12): 5606-5610.
Ali E, Hussain S, Hussain N, Kakar KU, Shah JM, Zaidi SHR, Jan M, Zhang K, Khan MA, Imtiaz M. Tocopherol as plant protector: an overview of tocopherol biosynthesis enzymes and their role as antioxidant and signaling molecules. Acta Physiol Plant. 2022; 44: 20.
Mathur P, Ding Z, Saldeen T, Mehta JL. Tocopherols in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular disease. Clin Cardiol. 2015; 38: 570-576.
Michalak M. Plant-derived antioxidants: significance in skin health and the ageing process. Int J. Mol Sci. 2022; 23(2): 585.
Kumar A, Sengupta B, Dasgupta D, Mandal T, Datta S. Recovery of value added products from rice husk ash to explore an economic way for recycle and reuse of agricultural waste. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol. 2016; 15: 47-65.
Nguyen TTU, Nguyen PT, Nguyen HT, Dang CT, Nguyen TPT. Assessment of changes in the contents of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of young rice leaf (Oryza sativa. L) powder during processing. Vietnam J. Nutri Food. 2023; 18(5+6): 10-19. 10.
Berwal M, Haldhar S, Ram C, Shil S, Gora J. Effect of extraction solvent on total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of flower bud and foliage of Calligonum polygonoides L. Indian J. Agric Biochem. 2021; 34: 61-67.
Gumul D, Berski W. The polyphenol profile and antioxidant potential of irradiated rye grains. Int J. Food Sci. 2021; 2021: 8870754.
Yu M, Gouvinhas I, Rocha J, Barros AIRNA. Phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of medicinal and food plants towards bioactive food and pharmaceutical resources. Sci Rep. 2021; 11: 10041.
Konyalιoğlu S, Sağlam H, Kιvçak B. α-Tocopherol, flavonoid, and phenol contents and antioxidant activity of Ficus carica. leaves. Pharm Biol. 2005; 43: 683-686.
Annunziata MG, Attico A, Woodrow P, Oliva MA, Fuggi A, Carillo P. An improved fluorimetric HPLC method for quantifying tocopherols in Brassica rapa L. subsp. sylvestris after harvest. J. Food Compost Anal. 2012; 27: 145-150.
Fritsche S, Wang X, Jung C. Recent advances in our understanding of tocopherol biosynthesis in plants: an overview of key genes, functions, and breeding of vitamin E improved crops. Antioxidants. 2017; 6(4): 99.
Chu CC, Chew SC, Liew WC, Nyam KL. Review article vitamin E: a multi-functional ingredient for health enhancement and food preservation. J. Food Meas Charact. 2023; 17: 6144-6156.
Ghazali NI, Mohd Rais RZ, Makpol S, Chin KY, Yap WN, Goon JA. Effects of tocotrienol on aging skin: a systematic review. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 13: 1006198.
Fiume MM, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks Jr JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA, Heldreth B. Safety assessment of tocopherols and tocotrienols as used in cosmetics. Int J. Toxicol. 2018; 37: 61S-94S.
Shahidi F, Danielski R, Rhein SO, Meisel LA, Fuentes J, Speisky H, Schwember AR, de Camargo AC. Wheat and rice beyond phenolic acids: genetics, identification database, antioxidant properties, and potential health effects. Plants. 2022; 11(23): 3283.
Roca M, Chen K, Pérez-Gálvez A. Chapter 8 - Chlorophylls. In: Schweiggert R (ed) Handbook on natural pigments in food and beverages (2nd ed.), edn. Woodhead Publishing; 2023. 193-226p.
Thepthanee C, Liu CC, Yu HS, Huang HS, Yen CH, Li YH, Lee MR, Liaw ET. Antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects of black rice leaf on the proliferation of human carcinoma cells. BioMed Res Int. 2022; 2022: 7270782.
Khanthapok P, Muangprom A, Sukrong S. Antioxidant activity and DNA protective properties of rice grass juices. ScienceAsia. 2015; 41: 119.
Knapp M, Bridwell-Rabb J. The green pigment of life. Nat Chem. 2022; 14: 1202-1202.
Tijjani H, Zangoma MH, Mohammed ZS, Obidola SM, Egbuna C, Abdulai SI. Polyphenols: classifications, biosynthesis and bioactivities. In: Egbuna C, Dable Tupas G (Eds.). Functional foods and nutraceuticals: bioactive components, formulations and innovations. Springer International Publishing; 2020. 389-414 p.
Lushchak VI, Semchuk NM. Tocopherol biosynthesis: chemistry, regulation and effects of environmental factors. Acta Physiol Plant. 2012; 34: 1607-1628.
Singh T, Pandey VK, Dash KK, Zanwar S, Singh R. Natural bio-colorant and pigments: sources and applications in food processing. J. Agric Food Res. 2023; 12: 100628.
Zhang Z, Li X, Sang S, McClements DJ, Chen L, Long J, Jiao A, Jin Z, Qiu C. Polyphenols as plant-based nutraceuticals: health effects, encapsulation, nano-delivery, and application. Foods; 2022, 11(15): 2189
Bhandari SR, Choi CS, Rhee J, Shin YK, Song JW, Kim S-H, Kang S, Lee JG. Influence of root color and tissue on phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities in carrot genotypes. Foods. 2023; 12(1): 120.
Bhandari SR, Lee JG. Ripening-dependent changes in antioxidants, color attributes, and antioxidant activity of seven tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars. J. Anal Methods Chem. 2016; 2016: 5498618
Zhang W, Tianqi L, Ren G, Hortensteiner S, Zhou Y, Cahoon EB, Zhang C. Chlorophyll degradation: the tocopherol biosynthesis-related phytol hydrolase in arabidopsis seeds is still missing. Plant Physiol. 2014; 166: 70-79.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research (TJNPR)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
